[RPG] The Second Chechen War (2000)

Grozny (December 1999 - February 2000): The assault on the capital became the fiercest urban battle of the campaign. Militants transformed Grozny into a fortress with underground passages and pillboxes. Fighting raged for every block, with Minutka Square and the cannery becoming key points of resistance. The battle culminated in Operation Wolf Hunt (late January - early February), when militants escaping encirclement were lured into prepared minefields along the Sunzha River. The ruins of Grozny itself fell under Russian control on February 6.
Argun Gorge (February - March 2000): After the fall of Grozny, the surviving separatist units retreated south into the mountains. Russian command launched a large-scale operation to block the Argun Gorge, the main stronghold of the Islamists. Paratroopers and border guards blocked the exits to Georgia, squeezing the enemy. It was here, at the exit of the gorge near Height 776 (Shatoi District), that the 6th Company of Pskov Paratroopers fought its final battle from February 29 to March 1, holding back the breakthrough of Khattab's group.
Komsomolskoye Village (March 5-24, 2000): This village in the Urus-Martan district became the scene of the last major frontal clash of the war. A large, well-armed unit led by Ruslan Gelayev (over 1,000 fighters) advanced there. For two weeks, federal forces (army, special forces, and Interior Ministry troops) stormed the militants' positions using heavy artillery, tanks, and the Buratino TOS. The village was razed to the ground, but Gelayev's unit was annihilated.
Vedenskoye and Nozhay-Yurt Gorges (spring - December 2000): The mountainous, forested east of Chechnya (the birthplace of Shamil Basayev) became a zone of continuous guerrilla warfare, ambushes, and purges. Here, in the area of ​​Zhani-Vedeno, Perm's OMON (special forces unit) was ambushed in March. For the rest of the year, GRU special forces and paratroopers hunted for militants' mobile camps and supply bases in this green area.

Small arms: The AK-74, AK-74M, and AKS-74 remained the primary assault rifles. For night combat and clearing operations, assault rifles with night sights (AK-74N and AK-74M) and PB and AS "Val" silencers were used in reconnaissance platoons.
Heavy firepower: The squad's firepower was provided by RPK-74 machine guns and PKM general-purpose machine guns, prized for their high penetration in green cover. Snipers used the proven SVD.
Close-combat weapons: GP-25 "Koster" underbarrel grenade launchers (mounted under the VOG-25) and RPG-7 hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers were widely used. To assault fortifications in Komsomolskoye and Grozny, motorized infantry actively used RPO-A "Shmel" disposable rocket flamethrowers (known as pocket artillery) and RPG-18 "Mukha" / RPG-22 rocket-propelled grenades.

Uniform: Motorized riflemen wore VSR-93 ("vertical") or the newer VSR-98 ("Flora") camouflage pattern. In winter, they wore pea coats with fur collars and padded trousers.
Body armor: The standard helmets were the SSh-68 steel helmets (gradually replaced by the 6B7 fabric-polymer helmets) and heavy body armor of the 6B5 series or the more modern 6B11/6B12, which protected against shrapnel and machine-gun bullets.
Load-bearing elements: Classic Soviet belt pouches were increasingly being replaced by load-bearing vests (such as the 6Sh92 or commercial equivalents like the "Tarzan" and "Vyp"). These allowed for the carrying of more magazines, grenades, and VOGs.
Footwear and everyday life: Instead of heavy tarpaulin boots, motorized infantry in Chechnya switched en masse to leather combat boots. Camping mats (foam mats) and sleeping bags, which were a lifesaver during the cold winter of 2000 in the mountains, were in short supply and highly valued.

Tactics in urban combat (Grozny, Komsomolskoye)

Creation of assault groups: Instead of classic battalions and companies, motorized riflemen operated in small, autonomous assault groups (platoons and reinforced squads). Such a group included riflemen, a PKM machine gunner, a sniper, a grenade launcher, and sappers.
Use of flamethrowers and under-barrel grenade launchers: When storming buildings, motorized riflemen did not enter houses without first cleaning them. Windows and embrasures were bombarded with GP-25 grenades, and if pillboxes were discovered, Shmel rocket flamethrowers were used. A Shmel explosion in a confined space guaranteed to destroy the firing point.
Armored vehicles as cover: BMP-2s and BTR-80s no longer drove deep into the streets without infantry. They moved behind the assault teams, firing 30mm automatic cannons at the upper floors of buildings, suppressing militant snipers.

Tactics in mountainous and wooded terrain (Vedeno, Argun Gorge)

Movement under cover of the heights: Motorized rifle columns no longer moved along the bottoms of gorges without reconnaissance. Before the vehicles advanced to the commanding heights, tactical landings were made or forward patrols were deployed, setting up temporary checkpoints and monitoring the greenery.
Fire sweep: When an ambush was suspected in the forest (greenery), motorized riflemen used the tactic of dense preemptive fire from PKM machine guns and the onboard weapons of the BMP into the bushes without visual contact with the enemy.

Universal elements of tactics

Artillery Coordination (Adjustment): Each motorized rifle company was assigned an artillery spotter. Upon encountering resistance, the infantry retreated and called in a massive strike from mortars, Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers, or Grad rocket launchers. Troops advanced only after the enemy positions had been plowed through by artillery.

T-72B / T-72B1: The most produced tank of this campaign. It was prized for its high reliability, ease of repair, and low fuel consumption. It boasted thick armor and Kontakt-1 explosive reactive armor, which effectively protected against RPGs.
T-62M: An older generation of tanks, they were actively used by units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs' Internal Troops and some motorized rifle regiments. Due to the lack of an automatic loader (the crew was four), they had a lower rate of fire, but their 115mm gun was excellent at destroying militant fortifications in the mountains, and the vehicles themselves were incredibly durable.
T-80BV: They were used less frequently due to their gas turbine engine, which consumed a lot of fuel and was more difficult to maintain in mountainous field conditions. However, they did take part in the assault on Grozny in early 2000.

Anti-HEAT screens and grates: Tanks were widely equipped with homemade and factory-made grate screens. These prevented RPG shaped-charge grenades from detonating before impacting the main armor.
Sandbags and Logs: Crews lined the sides and turrets with sandbags, spare tracks, and logs to create an additional barrier.
Strict control of ERA: Enormous attention was paid to filling the dynamic protection boxes ("reactive" armor) with real explosives (in 1994, many tanks went into battle with empty ERA boxes).

Equipment: Tankers wore standard fire-retardant overalls (often black or khaki) and tank helmets (TSh-4) with built-in laryngophones for communication within the vehicle. Due to constant exposure to soot and working with fuel oil and grease, the uniforms quickly became unusable.
Personal weapon: Each crew member was provided with a Makarov pistol (PM) or a shortened AKS-74U ("Ksyukha") assault rifle, which, due to its compact size, was conveniently placed inside the tank's cramped fighting compartment.
Autonomy: Since tanks often operated far from supply bases, crews carried additional supplies on their armor.

Street Fighting Tactics (Grozny, Komsomolskoye)

Tanks tethered to infantry: Tanks were included in assault groups (1–2 vehicles per infantry platoon). The tank moved behind the infantry, who cleared basements and ground floors, protecting the armored vehicles from grenade launchers.
Direct fire: Having discovered a fortified pillbox, a sniper or a machine gunner in a building, the infantry would give target designation (with tracer bullets or by radio), and the tank would destroy the firing point with one or two high-explosive fragmentation shells from a distance of 200–400 meters.
Upper Floor Suppression: NSVT Utes anti-aircraft machine guns mounted on tank turrets were elevated to high angles and used to cut down attics and upper floors of buildings where the BMP guns could not reach.

Tactics in the mountains and foothills

Tank Carousel: A tactic of continuous firepower. While the first tank would move into position, fire two or three shots at militant positions in the mountains, and then retreat to cover to reload, its place would be immediately taken by a second, then a third. This ensured continuous fire and prevented the enemy from raising their heads or aiming RPGs.
Long-range engagement: In mountainous terrain, the T-72B's 125mm guns were used as highly powerful sniper rifles. The tanks fired at caves, camps, and militant firing positions on the mountain slopes from a safe distance of 2–4 km, beyond the reach of anti-tank grenade launchers.

Organizing marches and defenses

Tanks in screening positions and ambushes: On the march, tanks were distributed along the entire length of the column, so that in the event of an ambush, they could immediately suppress any resistance with heavy fire. When parked, tanks were dug into the ground at checkpoints, turning them into impregnable fixed firing points (pillboxes).
Psychological pressure: Tanks were often used as a show of force. The roar of their engines and the advance of an armored group within clear sight of a besieged village often compelled local elders to persuade the militants to leave without a fight.

Small arms: The primary assault rifle was the AKS-74 with a folding frame stock (convenient for parachuting) and its modernized version, the AK-74M. Snipers, in addition to the standard SVD, used the VSS Vintorez silent sniper system and the AS Val 9mm assault rifle. These were indispensable for silently eliminating sentries in the mountains and during night raids.
Machine guns: Airborne units often used the RPKS-74 machine gun (with a folding stock) instead of the bulky PKM machine gun. However, in the conditions of mountain warfare, paratroopers tried to obtain powerful infantry PKMs.
Light armored vehicles: Instead of the heavy infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers of the motorized riflemen, the Airborne Forces fought in their standard airborne combat vehicles—the BMD-1, BMD-2, and BTR-D armored personnel carriers. The BMD-2, with its 30mm 2A42 automatic cannon, was prized for its high elevation angle, allowing it to fire at militant positions on mountaintops and the upper floors of buildings in Grozny.

Uniform: They wore the VSR-93 camouflage or the new Flora (VSR-98). The main distinguishing features remained the light blue beret (in the rear) and jump helmet, and in combat, the indispensable sailor's shirt under the camouflage. High leather boots served as footwear.
Protective equipment: 6B5 body armor and the new lightweight 6B11-1/6B12, developed specifically for mobile military branches, were used. Head protection was provided by SSh-68 helmets, which paratroopers often covered with camouflage fabric or accessorized with bandanas.
Load-bearing systems: Almost 100% of airborne personnel in Chechnya were equipped with load-bearing vests. They used both the standard 6Sh92 and the popular commercial "Tarzan" or "Pioneer" vests, which could hold up to eight magazines, flares, a knife, and a first aid kit.
Mountain equipment: For operations in the Argun Gorge, landing groups were equipped with climbing ropes, warm sleeping bags and light assault backpacks (RD-54).

Helicopter landing and height blocking tactics

Capturing commanding heights: The Airborne Forces' primary tactic in mountainous Chechnya (especially in the Argun Gorge). Before the main motorized rifle columns advanced, Mi-8 helicopters, covered by Mi-24s, landed assault groups on peaks and ridges.
Establishing temporary strongholds: Having secured the high ground, the paratroopers dug in, established a perimeter defense, and set up mortars and heavy machine guns. This allowed them to control the gorges, prevent militant movements, and ensure the safe passage of vehicles below.

Autonomous raids and ambushes in the "green zone"

Search and reconnaissance operations: Reconnaissance and paratrooper companies would conduct independent raids deep into forested areas for several days. Moving covertly and on foot (as BMD armored vehicles are useless in dense forests and on steep slopes), they would track down militant caravans, bases, and hiding places.
Setting up ambushes on trails: Having discovered the enemy's escape routes, the paratroopers set up night ambushes. They used night vision devices and silent weapons (VSS Vintorez). The militants were launched into a fire trap, after which they were eliminated with point-blank fire.

Assault operations as part of mobile groups

Flexible combat teams of three and five: When clearing mountain villages or fortified areas, paratroopers were divided into small, maneuverable groups, where each knew their role clearly: the first provides cover, the second assaults, and the third provides fire support from a grenade launcher or machine gun.
Using the BMD-2 as an anti-aircraft gun: In the foothills and during the assault on Grozny, the 30mm cannons of the airborne assault vehicles were used to fire at caves and militant fortifications on steep cliffs. The high elevation angle of the BMD-2 made it indispensable in areas where conventional tanks couldn't elevate their guns high enough.

War to the last bullet in complete encirclement.

Small arms: The primary individual weapons were the AK-74 and AK-74M assault rifles, as well as the AKS-74 with a folding stock. Machine gunners used RPK-74 light machine guns and PKM machine guns. Snipers were equipped with SVD rifles.
Reinforcements: GP-25 "Koster" underbarrel grenade launchers, RPG-7V hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers, and RPG-22/RPG-26 disposable rocket-propelled grenades were used to suppress fire positions. Like the motorized infantry, the marines actively used RPO-A "Shmel" rocket-propelled flamethrowers to burn out pillboxes in the mountains and fortifications in buildings.
Armored vehicles: Unlike the Airborne Forces, the Marines used heavier and more protected wheeled vehicles of the motorized riflemen—primarily BTR-80 armored personnel carriers. In mountainous conditions, the BTR-80 was prized for its high mobility, reliability, and the firepower of its 14.5mm KPVT machine gun, capable of penetrating thick adobe village walls.

Uniform: The primary camouflage pattern was the VSR-93 (vertical) and the increasingly popular Flora (VSR-98). The main symbols of pride remained black berets (in the rear and at bases) and the ever-present striped sailor shirts, which the Marines wore under their field uniforms even on the front lines. In winter, warm pea coats and padded pants were worn in the mountains. Yuft leather boots served as footwear.
Body armor: Soviet SSh-68 steel helmets were used. The primary body armor was the heavy 6B5 fragmentation vest of various modifications. Assault group members often tried to lighten their armor by removing some of the titanium or ceramic plates if they were facing a long, uphill march.
Load-bearing systems: Almost all units were equipped with standard load-bearing vests (e.g., 6Sh92). Due to the nature of long mountain expeditions, Marines also used capacious raid backpacks and duffel bags, which they used to store extra ammunition, dry rations, water canteens, and sleeping bags.

Tactics of closing gorges and holding heights

Fire castles in the mountains: Marines (especially Northern Fleet battalions in the Vedeno district) practiced seizing commanding heights along roads and riverbeds. Unlike the Airborne Forces, which often waged maneuver warfare, the Marines dug into the rocky ground "for real and for the long haul."
Checkpoint-fortresses: They built powerful platoon strongholds with all-round defenses, bunkers made of several layers of logs, and minefields. These fortresses completely blocked the militants' supply routes from the mountain villages to the plains.

Actions of assault troops in the mountains and greenery

Fire support groups: When clearing forested areas and slopes, the marines advanced in waves. A reconnaissance group led the way, followed by a heavy core armed with PKM machine guns, RPG-7 grenade launchers, and Shmel flamethrowers. Upon encountering an ambush, the lead patrol engaged the militants, while the support group suppressed them with cannon fire and burned them out with thermobaric charges.
Using BTR-80s as mobile pillboxes: The wheeled APCs moved along mountain roads behind the infantry. The powerful 14.5mm KPVT machine gun was used to destroy fortified militant bunkers at ranges of up to 2 km, using direct fire based on coordinates transmitted by the infantry via radio.

Autonomy and strict discipline of the march

Anti-Ambush Operations: When moving in columns, marines of the Caspian Flotilla and Pacific Fleet strictly maintained distance between vehicles. If the lead vehicle was damaged, personnel did not hide behind armor but immediately parachuted toward the ambush, opening heavy fire. The tactic was based on an aggressive counterattack, which thwarted the militants' plans for panic.
Foot endurance: In the winter and spring thaw of 2000, when equipment became stuck in the mud, the marines walked for many kilometers along mountain trails, carrying 40 kg of weapons, ammunition, and winter gear, ensuring a stealthy approach to the flank of separatist units.

Self-propelled artillery (SPG): The core of the firepower consisted of the 122mm 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled gun, the 152mm 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled gun, and the 152mm 2S19 Msta-S self-propelled gun. They were prized for their mobility and ability to quickly open fire on the move. To destroy powerful pillboxes and underground bunkers in Grozny and Komsomolskoye, the super-powerful 152mm 2S5 Giatsint-S gun-howitzers and 203mm 2S7 Pion self-propelled guns were used.
Towed artillery: 122mm D-30 howitzers and 152mm 2A65 Msta-B howitzers were used. They were often deployed in fixed firing positions and checkpoints for all-round defense.
Multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) and heavy flamethrower systems (TOS): 122-mm BM-21 "Grad", 220-mm 9K57 "Uragan" and TOS-1 "Buratino" were used for area strikes on base camps and concentrations of militants in the mountains and forests (greenery).
Mortars: The 82mm 2B14 Podnos and 120mm 2S12 Sani mortars were indispensable in the mountains thanks to their lofty trajectory. 2B9 Vasilek automatic mortars were also used. Heavy 240mm 2S4 Tyulpan self-propelled mortars, capable of penetrating concrete walls, precision-launched attacks on militant fortified areas.
Missile systems: To destroy strategic bases and headquarters of militants, tactical missile systems "Tochka-U" were used.

Clothing and footwear: Traditional VSR-93 or Flora camouflage. Due to constant contact with gunpowder smoke, grease, and soil, the uniform quickly turned black. They wore combat boots, but in stationary positions in winter, soldiers often changed into warm felt boots or boots.
Protection: Protective helmets SSh-68 and body armor of the 6B5 series were worn without fail during firing, as the militants were hunting for artillerymen and trying to cover positions with mortar fire.
Personal weapons: Officers and gun crews were equipped with Makarov pistols (PM), AK-74, AK-74M, or shortened AKS-74U assault rifles for self-defense in the event of an enemy breakthrough to the battery positions.

The "Firewall" and isolation tactics

Plowing positions: During the assault on Grozny and Komsomolskoye, artillery employed a method of sequentially concentrating fire. Before the assault groups advanced, artillery battalions methodically destroyed buildings and pillboxes in the infantry's path. The infantry advanced strictly based on the results of fire damage.
Cutting off reserves: To disrupt counterattacks by militants or block their escape routes, artillery laid down barrage fire (single or double) on the enemy's flanks and maneuver routes, creating a solid wall of exploding shells.

Organization of maneuverable fire groups in the mountains

Roving guns and mortars: To prevent militants from detecting fixed positions, batteries of self-propelled howitzers (Gvozdika, Akatsiya) and towed D-30 howitzers constantly shifted positions. The guns would move to a temporary position, fire several salvos at designated targets in the mountains, and then immediately retreat, avoiding a possible retaliatory mortar strike.
High-angle fire in ravines: Conventional field artillery is ineffective in the mountains due to its flat trajectory. Therefore, mortars (Sani, Podnos) and heavy self-propelled mortars (Tyulpan), which fired almost vertically, were tactically wisely used to engage militants in deep crevices and on the reverse slopes of the hills.

Counter-battery warfare

Militants made extensive use of mobile mortars mounted in the backs of pickup trucks and trucks (UAZ, Ural). To counter them, Russian artillery deployed radar reconnaissance systems (such as the Zoopark), which instantly calculated the launch point coordinates from the mortar's trajectory, after which they launched an immediate counterattack with Grad MLRS or heavy self-propelled guns.

Infantry-Artillery Link: Each assault group of motorized riflemen, airborne troops, or marines was required to include a forward artillery observer (PAN) with a radio station.

Silent system: The VSS Vintorez sniper rifle and AS Val assault rifle became the mainstays of the special forces. Their integrated silencers and heavy subsonic SP-5/SP-6 bullets allowed them to silently eliminate sentries and pin down groups of militants in ambushes without revealing their position. PB and APB silent pistols were also used.
Assault rifles and machine guns: The standard weapon was the AK-74M, often equipped with night sights (NSPU), laser designators, and GP-25 underbarrel grenade launchers. For high-density ambushes, groups always carried PKM machine guns (sometimes shortened by skilled personnel) and light RPK-74s.
Sniper weapons: In addition to the SVD, in 2000, GRU special forces began actively using large-caliber 12.7mm V-94 rifles (the OSV-96 prototype). These allowed them to destroy militant vehicles, fortified firing positions, and counter-snipers at ranges of up to 1,500 meters.
Heavy weapons: When going out on ambushes, groups took with them AGS-17 "Plamya" automatic grenade launchers, RPO-A "Shmel" rocket flamethrowers and a large number of guided mines (MON-50, OZM-72) to block enemy escape routes.

Clothing: They wore VSR-93 and Flora camouflage, or commercial camouflage suits (such as Partizan and KLMK). Bandanas or Panama hats were worn instead of helmets. They wore lightweight, durable imported or domestic combat boots, and sometimes regular sneakers for silent movement in the mountains.
Load-bearing systems and backpacks: Standard load-bearing systems couldn't accommodate a special forces soldier's enormous ammunition load. Soldiers bought commercial vests in bulk (like "Bra," "Tarzan," and those from "SPOsn" and "Ana"). Self-sufficiency for missions (up to 5-7 days) was ensured by capacious raid backpacks (like the "RD-54" or the commercial "Anatomic" backpacks), which held sleeping bags, field rations, radios (like "Arakhis" or "Severok"), and a daily supply of batteries.
Body armor: Heavy body armor was not worn during raids due to its enormous weight. Lightweight concealed vests or fabric body armor without steel plates were used.

Ambush tactics on the advance routes (Basic method)

Stealthy entry into the area: The group (usually 12-18 people) parachuted from Mi-8 helicopters several kilometers before the target or walked out at night. Movement was off-trail, with complete camouflage and radio silence maintained.
Setting up a "fire trap": After spotting a caravan or group of militants, special forces mined the trail with MON-50 or OZM-72 directional mines. The militants were launched into the kill zone, followed by a simultaneous detonation of the mines and a barrage of fire from PKM machine guns and AS Val silent assault rifles. The ambush lasted no more than a few minutes, after which the group immediately retreated without engaging in a protracted battle.

Aircraft and Artillery Guidance (Eyes and Ears Tactics)

Covert surveillance: Having discovered a large base camp, fortified area, or concentration of enemy forces, GRU special forces did not engage in combat. The scouts camouflaged themselves on commanding heights and conducted surveillance using powerful optics and night vision devices.
Precision strike: Using secure radios, they transmitted precise target coordinates to artillery crews or Su-25 attack aircraft. The GRU adjusted fire in real time, recorded the destruction of the base, and withdrew before the militants could comb the area.

Raid on bases and liquidation of leaders

The element of surprise: The raids were carried out at dawn, when the militants' guards were at their most vigilant. After eliminating the sentries with silent Vintorez rifles, the special forces swiftly stormed the compound. Shmel rocket-propelled flamethrowers were used to suppress resistance in dugouts and caves.
Stab and disappear: The raid's objective was to seize documents, prisoners (field commanders), and destroy weapons caches. After completing the mission, the group called in search and rescue helicopters, covered by Mi-24 "crocodiles," for rapid evacuation.

Su-25 "Rook" attack aircraft: The war's main workhorse. The "Rooks" carried out pinpoint strikes against camps, caves, pillboxes, and militant concentrations in the mountains. Their thick armor protected pilots from DShK heavy machine gun fire.
Su-24M frontline bombers: Used to deliver powerful bombing strikes against major fortified areas (in Grozny and Komsomolsk), headquarters, and militant supply bases deep in the rear. They could operate at night and in adverse weather conditions.
Su-24MR and MiG-25RB reconnaissance aircraft: Conducted photo and radar reconnaissance of the area, identifying camouflaged enemy positions in the forests.

Mi-24 ("Crocodile") attack helicopters: Indispensable fire support vehicles. They escorted infantry columns, flew free-roaming missions into gorges, and destroyed militant firing positions. They were armed with unguided rocket launchers, powerful automatic cannons, and Shturm-V anti-tank guided missiles.
Mi-8 transport and attack helicopters (MT and MTV versions): They ensured troop mobility. They landed tactical airborne and special forces troops on mountain peaks and delivered ammunition, water, and provisions to isolated checkpoints. The Mi-8MTV-2/3 versions had reinforced armor and were armed with machine guns and unguided rockets for self-defense.
Mi-26 heavy transport helicopters: Used for the rapid transfer of large units, heavy equipment (even light armored vehicles and howitzers) and mass evacuation of the wounded.

Unguided rockets (UAR): The most widely used weapon (S-5, S-8, heavy S-13 and S-24). Unguided rockets were used to seed green areas and forested mountain slopes when an ambush was suspected.
Free-fall bombs: High-explosive bombs (FAB-250, FAB-500) and high-explosive fragmentation bombs were used to destroy bunkers. Thermobaric fuel-air bombs (ODAB-500PM) were also used to burn out caves and militant shelters, leaving them no chance due to the sudden pressure drop.

Assault tactics and anti-aircraft maneuvers

Ultra-low altitudes and terrain exploitation: The Mi-24 and Mi-8 helicopters navigated using anti-aircraft climbs and ground control. They flew along the bottoms of gorges below the mountain ridges, using the terrain as a natural shield from detection and fire.
Dive attack and flare disengagement: Su-25 attack aircraft attacked targets from high altitudes (out of machine gun range) at high speed. Upon exiting the attack, the aircraft and helicopters executed a sharp, abrupt evasive maneuver and mass-disengaged flares (FLs)—heat-seeking devices that deflected heat-seeking MANPADS missiles.

Actions in combat pairs and units

Leader - Wingman: Free-hunting and attack flights were carried out strictly in pairs. While the first helicopter or aircraft approached the target and launched unguided rockets or bombs, the second (wingman) provided cover from above, scanning for return fire on the ground and immediately suppressing the militants' active anti-aircraft positions.

Helicopter landings and air bridges

"Frog Leap" tactics: During the blocking of the Argun Gorge, Mi-8 helicopters quickly transferred groups of paratroopers from one commanding height to another. The landings occurred in seconds (often hovering half a meter above the cliffs), after which the helicopter would dive sharply under the cover of nearby Mi-24s.
Fire sweep of the sites: Before the Mi-8 transport helicopters landed on an unfamiliar mountain site, Mi-24 attack helicopters ("Crocodiles") carried out a preemptive strike on the adjacent greenery with heavy S-13 missiles or cannon fire to destroy possible ambushes.

Small arms: The AK-74, AK-74M, and folding AKS-74 remained the primary assault rifles. For combat in buildings and forestry operations, Internal Troops special forces made extensive use of the silent AS Val assault rifle, VSS Vintorez rifle, and compact 9A-91 assault rifle chambered for the powerful 9x39mm cartridge. For close combat, PP-91 "Kedr" submachine guns were used.
Machine guns and sniper systems: At checkpoints and in ambushes, PKM general-purpose machine guns and RPK-74 light machine guns provided high firepower. Snipers used standard SVDs, while special forces units used VSK-94 silenced rifles and large-caliber 12.7mm V-94 rifles.
Close-combat assault weapons: When inspecting buildings and eliminating militant firing points, the GP-25 "Koster" underbarrel grenade launchers, RPG-7V grenade launchers, RPG-22/RPG-26 rocket-propelled grenades, and RPO-A "Shmel" flamethrowers were indispensable.
Armored vehicles: The Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs received BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles and BTR-80 armored personnel carriers from army reserves. BRDM-2s, as well as Ural and KamAZ trucks with homemade or factory-installed armored capsules in the back to protect personnel from landmines and shelling, were used for patrols.

Uniform: Along with the VSR-93 and Flora general-purpose camouflage patterns, the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs made extensive use of the Kamysh (Project Tiger) and Orekh (Walnut) patterns, supplied to the agency by NPO Spetsmaterialy. The maroon beret was the main symbol of valor, but bandanas and helmets were worn when going out.
Body armor: In addition to the SSh-68 steel helmets, Internal Troops soldiers were equipped with Sfera (STSh-81) titanium helmets and Kolpak fabric-polymer protective helmets, which provided good protection against pistol bullets and shrapnel. The standard body armor was the Kora Kulon, Modul, and army 6B5 series.
Vests and special equipment: Special forces and reconnaissance personnel were fully equipped with vests—commercial "Tarzan" and "Vyp" series vests were popular, holding up to eight AK magazines, grenades, and a radio. Metal detectors, underbody inspection mirrors, and PNV-57E night vision devices were widely used at checkpoints.

Clearance tactics (Special Operations)

Double encirclement: Before beginning their check of a village, units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in armored vehicles created an outer and inner encirclement. This completely eliminated the possibility of militants breaking out of the village or reserves approaching them from the greenery.
House-to-house search and filtration: The village was divided into sectors. Search teams (10-12 fighters, supported by BTR-80 armored personnel carriers) methodically went door-to-door. Documents, basements, attics, and gardens were checked for hidden bunkers and weapons caches. All suspicious males were detained for screening through FSB databases at temporary filtration points.

Service at checkpoints and control of communications

Organizing the inspection system: Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs checkpoints blocked all key roads and intersections. The tactic was based on creating a fortified zone: concrete blocks forcing vehicles to slow down to a minimum, caponiers for BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles, and signal mines on the roadsides.
Repelling night assaults: Militants regularly fired on checkpoints at night. The Interior Ministry's defensive tactics consisted of a tight all-round defense. When attacked, crews immediately opened suppressive fire with KPVT heavy machine guns and AGS-17 automatic grenade launchers at pre-targeted targets, calling for artillery support.

Countering mine warfare

Engineering reconnaissance of roads: Every day, before the passage of the main supply columns, MVD sappers, accompanied by armored personnel carriers and foot patrols, conducted engineering reconnaissance (combing the roads with mine detectors and sniffer dogs). Their task was to detect radio-controlled land mines and tripwires that militants planted at night.

Small arms: In addition to the standard AK-74M, special forces made extensive use of silent AS Val assault rifles and VSS Vintorez sniper rifles. For building assaults and targeted operations, they used compact 9A-91 assault rifles and PP-91 "Kedr" / PP-93 submachine guns.
Sniper weapons: Special forces used modernized SVD-S (with a folding stock) and VSK-94 silent sniper systems. In 2000, large-caliber 12.7mm V-94 rifles began to be used for counter-battery fire and long-range engagement of hardened targets.
Close-combat weapons: Tactical flashlights were mounted on Stechkin pistols (APS, APB) and PM. GP-25 "Koster" underbarrel grenade launchers, AGS-17 "Plamya" automatic grenade launchers, and RPO-A "Shmel" rocket flamethrowers were widely used. The latter were the main weapon against snipers holed up in basements.
Armored vehicles: Spetsnaz used BTR-80 and BMP-2 armored personnel carriers. Special assault vehicles based on UAZs and armored Ural ("Pokemon") trucks with special embrasures for firing on the move were also frequently used.

Body armor: The pride of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs special forces were the titanium "Sfera" (STSh-81) helmets and "Vityaz" protective masks with bulletproof glass. When storming buildings, heavy bulletproof vests such as "Kora Kulon" or "Redut" were mandatory, as were heavy assault shields (such as the "Vant-VM"), capable of withstanding point-blank machine gun bullets. For mountain raids, heavy armor was replaced with lightweight Kevlar vests.
Equipment and camouflage: The Internal Troops' Spetsnaz stood out from other troops with their camouflage. Instead of the standard "Flora" uniform, soldiers often wore commercial suits in the "Kamysh" (Project Tiger) and "Orekh" (Walnut) colors, or black assault uniforms. The maroon beret was worn only at bases; for combat missions, they wore bandanas or balaclavas.
Vests and communications: Almost all personnel were equipped with combat vests of the "Tarzan," "Vyp," or "Pioneer" series. RD-54 backpacks or "Ana" expedition backpacks were carried on raids. Teams were equipped with Motorola radios and night vision devices.

Tactics of targeted operations and building assaults

Use of assault shields: When blocking militants in a specific building (address), special forces operated in combat groups led by a shield bearer. A soldier with a Vant-VM heavy armor shield moved first, covering the assault troops following behind. This allowed them to enter buildings under heavy enemy fire.
Destroying pillboxes with flamethrowers: If militants had converted a basement or room into an impenetrable firing point, special forces didn't risk their lives. A Shmel rocket-propelled flamethrower was fired through the window or breach. The resulting thermobaric explosion instantly destroyed the terrorists entrenched inside due to excess pressure and high temperatures.
Infiltration with special equipment: Silent Val assault rifles were used to stealthily eliminate sentries. During the assault, flashbang grenades (Zarya) were actively used, blinding and stunning the enemy for several seconds, giving the group a window to break through.

Hard Block and Ambush Tactics in the Suburbs

Advancing on escape routes: Spetsnaz of the Internal Troops often served as a mobile reserve during sweeps conducted by line units. While regular troops began checking a village, the Spetsnaz covertly took up positions on the outskirts, in gardens and ravines. They set up ambushes along the routes along which militants attempted to break out of the encircled village into the greenery.
Mine traps: The special forces mined the routes of probable advance of small enemy groups with directional mines (MON-50) with remote detonation.

Protection and escort of columns (Anti-ambush actions)

Rapid Response Teams: Using armored vehicles (BTR-80, BMP-2), Internal Troops special forces escorted strategically important supply convoys. In the event of an ambush by militants, the tactic required an immediate, aggressive response.
Counterattack to the flank: While the column under fire engaged the enemy in combat, the special forces in armor carried out a flanking maneuver, went to the militants' flank or rear, and destroyed the ambush team with dagger fire.

Small arms: The primary weapons were the AK-74, AKS-74, and new AK-74M assault rifles. For close combat and urban patrols, the shortened AKS-74U assault rifle and 9mm PP-91 "Kedr" / PP-93 submachine guns were used. Personal weapons included Makarov pistols (PM), and less commonly, Stechkin automatic pistols (APS).
Support weapons: Due to the high risk of encountering well-armed militants, OMON received army-issue PKM machine guns and RPK-74 light machine guns. Snipers were armed with SVD rifles.
Grenade launchers and special equipment: OMON officers actively used GP-25 "Koster" underbarrel grenade launchers, RPG-7V hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers, and disposable "fly" (RPG-18/RPG-22) grenade launchers to destroy fire points in buildings. Gas grenades and KS-23 carbines were used to flush out militants from cover.
Armored vehicles: The OMON's primary vehicles were the BTR-70 and BTR-80 armored personnel carriers, as well as the legendary Ural and GAZ-66 trucks, the bodies of which the fighters themselves lined with steel sheets and sandbags to protect against ambushes.

Camouflage: The classic camouflage for OMON units deployed in Chechnya was "City Reed" (blue-gray tones) or "Forest Reed" (green-brown). The standard army "vertical" VSR-93 was also worn. Headgear at base included black or gray berets, and on combat missions, knitted hats, bandanas, or caps. Black leather combat boots were worn.
Body armor: Steel SSh-68 helmets were used, but more often, police titanium Sfera (STSh-81) helmets and steel Maska-1 helmets (sometimes with a visor) were used. The primary body armor was the Kora-Kulon and heavy army 6B5.
Unloading systems: OMON was supplied with police unloading vests (for example, "Tarzan" or the "Bittern" series), which were made of durable synthetic fabric in black or camouflage colors and had pockets for AK magazines, radios, handcuffs, and flare guns.

Tactics of house-to-house searches and sweeps

Methodical combing of sectors: During joint operations with the Internal Troops, OMON served as direct search teams. Police entered courtyards, checked residence registration, and inspected outbuildings, basements, and attics.
Identifying hidden combatants: The OMON's primary skill in 2000 was recognizing militants in civilians. The officers looked for telltale signs: bruises on shoulders from weapon recoil, the smell of gunpowder and gun oil on clothing, abrasions on index fingers, and fresh wounds.

Filtration tactics and passport regime

Temporary registration points: OMON deployed mobile checkpoints at the entrances to cities and large villages. In 2000, when many local residents' documents were lost or expired, OMON officers detained suspicious individuals without documents and transferred them to temporary police departments (VOVD) for identification and checks against FSB databases for involvement in illegal armed groups (IAGs).

Service at stationary checkpoints

24-hour vehicle inspections: OMON checkpoints monitored the movement of cargo and people. Officers inspected trunks and vehicle interiors, checking cargo for explosives (TNT, plastic explosives) and concealed weapons.
Defense in an ambush situation: In the event of a nighttime shelling of a checkpoint, the riot police tactics consisted of taking cover in fortified dugouts (lined with sandbags and blocks) and conducting dense barrage fire from PKM machine guns and automatic weapons into the greenery from which the shelling was conducted, until an armored group of internal troops or army artillery support arrived.

Patrols and curfew

Suppressing looting and sabotage: In devastated cities (such as Grozny or Argun), riot police patrolled the streets on foot and in armored personnel carriers, strictly preventing any movement of civilians after curfew. This minimized the risk of militants planting roadside bombs under the cover of night.

Assault rifles: The main ones were the AK-74M and AKS-74 (often with a tourniquet on the buttstock) and the compact AKS-74U. For urban combat, the silent AS "Val" and OTs-14 "Groza" rifle systems were actively used.
Sniper rifles: Along with the standard SVD, the silent VSS Vintorez and the first large-caliber B94 were used.
Pistols and submachine guns: The PM and APS pistols served as secondary weapons. For close-quarters combat during cleanup operations, the PP-91 Kedr and PP-9 Klin submachine guns were used.
Heavy weapons: PKM machine guns, GP-25 "Koster" underbarrel grenade launchers and RPO-A "Shmel" rocket flamethrowers (for destroying pillboxes).

Camouflage: The Night-91M complexes in the "Kamysh"/"Tiger" pattern (manufactured by the ANA) and "Doll" pattern (a copy of the British DPM) were popular. The army's "Flora" (VSR-98) and "Verticalka" (VSR-93) were also worn in the field.
Winter uniform: Pea coats with fur collars, winter jackets from Rex Designs / Alloy, civilian woolen hats and balaclavas were worn.

Bulletproof vests: Instead of general-purpose vests, special vests of the "Kora-Kulon", "Kirassa" and "Modul" series with high-class protective steel or fabric plates were used.
Helmets: Steel SSh-68 helmets were rarely used. The ZSh-1, titanium Altyn, and K6-3 helmets, as well as the polymer Maska-1 with visor, became the SOBR's emblem.

Unloading: Commercial vests “Tarzan” (Alloy), “Otter” and “TEN-U” in “Reed” or “Undergrowth” colors were purchased in bulk.
Footwear: Along with the standard combat boots, the soldiers wore commercial “England” and “Spetsnaz” boots from Splav or Garsing, as well as imported footwear.

Assault groups: SOBR was divided into small mobile threes/fours (shield bearer, machine gunner, grenade launcher/machine gunner).
Combing operations ("sweeping operations"): The soldiers moved in the second echelon behind the tanks and motorized infantry. They methodically checked basements, attics, and destroyed buildings, identifying concealed firing positions and caches.
Making passages: Instead of moving along streets under fire, the SOBR officers broke through the walls between buildings using TNT blocks or RPG shots, moving within the blocks.

Search and reconnaissance activities: SOBR was used to locate militant bases and camps in the "green" (wooded areas) and foothills.
Ambush planning: Hidden secrets were placed along potential escape or supply routes for the gangs. Silent weapons (VSS, Val) were used to eliminate patrols silently.
Blocking areas: During major operations, SOBR set up temporary checkpoints and barriers to prevent militants from breaking out of encirclement.

Fire Fist: Due to the lack of heavy organic armor, SOBR relied heavily on attached army tanks and infantry fighting vehicles. When assaulting fortified positions, SOBR members made extensive use of RPO-A Shmel mobile flamethrowers.
Sniper warfare: Particular attention was paid to counter-sniper warfare. Militant positions were identified using decoys, after which the position was suppressed with heavy fire from PKMs or large-caliber rifles.
Autonomy: On missions, soldiers carried double or triple the ammunition load, sacrificing dry rations and sleeping bags for ammunition and grenades, as battles often dragged on.

Assault rifles: The primary weapon was the AK-74M, which was already equipped with early domestic collimator sights (such as the "Cobra"). For clearing buildings and close combat, the silent 9mm AS "Val" assault rifle and the compact SR-3 "Vikhr" assault rifle were widely used.
Sniper system: In addition to the standard VSS Vintorez and SVD, FSB snipers were among the first to receive the high-precision magazine-fed SV-98 rifles and large-caliber 12.7-mm V94 systems for engaging targets behind cover.
Pistols and submachine guns: Directorate "A" made extensive use of the legendary APS (Stechkin). The introduction of the powerful SR-1 "Vector" (Gyurza) pistol system chambered for the 9x21mm armor-piercing cartridge began. The PP-19 "Bison" submachine gun with a helical magazine was used.
Heavy and assault weapons: PKM and Pecheneg machine guns (only supplied to elite units), GP-25 and RPG-7 grenade launchers, and RPO-A Shmel flamethrowers.

Color schemes: The primary patterns were the "Doll" pattern (MVD Woodland/DPM) and the military "Flora" pattern (VSR-98). For forested and mountainous terrain, uniforms in the "Partisan"/"SS-Summer" pattern were purchased from the SSO (Soyuzspetsosnashchenie) company. Black uniforms were rarely used, primarily for targeted work outside combat zones.
Clothing: The SSO field suits "Tropic" and "Sklon" were popular.

Body armor: The signature items were the heavy assault vests "Redut" and "Defender" (from Fort Technology), which provided all-round protection from shrapnel and powerful bullets.
Helmets: Titanium helmets "Altyn" and K6-3 with a radio headset and a full visor, as well as steel helmets "Maska-1" were used.

Unloading equipment: The legendary spring-shoulder system RPS "Smersh" (in early versions) and vests "Poyas-A/B" became the basis for long-distance exits.
Backpacks: The capacious raid backpacks "Attack" and "Edelweiss" from the Special Operations Forces were used.

Heavy assault teams: Soldiers in the heaviest body armor ("Redut") and helmets ("Altyn") with armor shields advanced forward. Their task was to absorb the initial attack, break into the building, and suppress the firing point.
Close-quarters combat (CQB): Silent and compact weapons were used (AS Val, SR-3 Vikhr, SR-1 pistols). Speed, stealth, and surprise allowed for the capture of objectives before the enemy had time to organize a defense.

Hunting for Leaders: The Special Operations Center focused on eliminating and capturing field commanders. Teams conducted weeks of unsupervised raids, using camouflage, thermal imaging, and early night vision devices.
Silent ambushes: Having discovered militants' trails, FSB special forces set up ambushes. Sniper pairs with VSS Vintorez and SV-98 assault rifles eliminated the advance guards from distances beyond the reach of return fire, without revealing their presence.
Mine warfare: Directional mines (MON-50) and guided land mines were actively used to destroy superior enemy forces on the march.

Information collection: Radio interception and direction finding systems for militants' satellite phones were used.
Aircraft guidance: Special forces covertly approached militant bases in the mountains, recorded coordinates, and directed attack aircraft (Su-25) or artillery to them, carrying out objective monitoring of the strike's results.

Sniper Terror: FSB snipers worked in pairs or groups. They didn't simply provide cover for the assault troops, but hunted independently, paralyzing the militants' will to resist at ranges of up to 1,000 meters (using B94 rifles).
A categorical rejection of templates: Each operation was individually planned based on the latest FSB intelligence. Soldiers had the right to choose their own tactical plan, weapons, and uniform for a specific mission.

Small arms: The main weapons were the Soviet AKM, AKMS, and AK-74/AKS-74. The PM and APS (Stechkin) pistols were considered the status weapons of commanders.
Heavy and captured weapons: The units had many PKM and RPK machine guns and GP-25 underbarrel grenade launchers. RPG-7 grenade launchers were also widely used. Captured weapons captured from militants or old stockpiles hidden since the First Chechen War were often used.
Sniper weapons: Standard SVD rifles, often older models.

Camouflage: Whatever was available was used. They wore the old Soviet "Afghanka" camouflage, as well as the army VSR-93 ("Vertical") and VSR-98 ("Flora"). Gantamirov police officers often wore blue or green OMON "Kamysh" uniforms or black uniforms, to somehow indicate their affiliation with the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Civilian clothing: Combining camouflage jackets with civilian jeans, sweatpants, athletic shoes (Adidas sneakers were iconic), and civilian jackets was the norm for militiamen. In cold weather, knitted hats and papakhas (fur hats) were worn.

Body armor: Army 6B3 or 6B5 series (often with titanium or ceramic plates removed for weight reduction). Many soldiers consciously forgo body armor for the sake of mobility in the mountains.
Helmets: Old Soviet steel helmets SS-60 or SS-68 were rarely issued and were used reluctantly, mainly at stationary checkpoints.

Hand-sewn "bras" from tarpaulins, raincoats, or car seat belts.
The widespread use of Soviet belt pouches for AK magazines, which were re-sewn or worn on the chest.

Guides and vanguard: Police officers led the federal assault teams. They knew every alley, basement, and underground passageway in Grozny, allowing them to bypass militant ambushes and outflank federal forces.
Identifying firing points: Using their knowledge of the city, the militiamen accurately identified which buildings were suitable for long-term defense and helped direct artillery and tanks toward them.

Identifying militants: At checkpoints and during passport checks, militiamen easily identified planted militants. They knew local residents by face and name, spotted strangers, and identified accomplices by their distinctive speech patterns, behavior, or distinctive weapon marks on their bodies (bruises on the shoulder, calluses on the fingers).
Intelligence investigation: The police actively used family and clan connections to obtain information about weapons caches, underground bunkers, and the routes of small enemy groups.

Blood feuds and clan warfare: Fighting often took the form of personal and tribal disputes. The militias acted harshly, conducting nighttime raids on the homes of militants and their relatives, undermining their logistics from within.
Anti-ambush actions: When moving along mountain roads, the militiamen moved ahead of the columns in passenger cars (UAZs and Zhiguli), probing the route for landmines and ambushes.

The mistrust factor: The Russian army often mistrusted the Chechen militia, fearing betrayal and information leaks. Because of this, the militias were rarely informed of plans for major operations, and armed clashes between them and federal forces periodically erupted at checkpoints.
Weak discipline: Loyal units obeyed only their field commanders (Gantamirov, Yamadayev) according to clan principles, ignoring the orders of army generals.
Rear defense: The main task of the militia after the army's passage was to hold the liberated villages, organize commandant's offices, and protect the local population from the return of the militants.

Checkpoints and forward bases: At checkpoints, soldiers lived in dugouts built of three or four layers of logs or directly inside earthen shelters for armored vehicles. Later, reinforced modular shelters and bodywork became widespread. In the mountains, tents (the famous USB-56) with homemade potbelly stoves served as shelters.
Towns and villages: In Grozny and major regional centers, units occupied surviving or dilapidated buildings (schools, factories, former hospitals). Windows were sealed with sandbags, and firing positions were set up on the roofs.

Diet: The staple diet consisted of stewed meat, canned porridge (pearl barley, buckwheat), crackers, or stale bread. Centralized delivery of hot food to checkpoints was hampered by mines on the roads.
Improvisation and "green stuff": The soldiers actively built makeshift bakeries. Fresh bread was extremely valuable. They gathered wild garlic and wild fruits from abandoned dachas and vegetable gardens. Water was transported in cisterns, often purified with makeshift filters or by boiling (in the mountains, melted snow and springs were used).

Washing: At checkpoints, they built dugout bathhouses or used 200-liter iron barrels cut in half as water heaters. During field raids, there were no washing facilities for weeks.
Diseases: Pediculosis (lice) and scabies were a real scourge in 2000. Clothes were "roasted" over fires or in steam barrels. Dysentery and hepatitis (jaundice) were widespread due to dirty water, as were colds in the winter due to damp dugouts.

The only channel was paper letters (“triangles”), which took weeks to arrive via field post.
The most valuable possessions were cigarettes (when shortages occurred, they smoked tobacco or tea) and a guitar. Guitar-based songs around a campfire became a cultural phenomenon of that war. Also prized were rare, fresh newspapers and batteries for cassette players and radios.
"Trench syndrome": The constant fear of explosions or shelling left the soldiers in a state of chronic stress. Their strong military bond and ruthless humor saved them.

Assault rifles: The mainstays were the Soviet AKM and AKMS. The AK-74, AKS-74, and shortened AKS-74U were also widely used. Captured silent AS "Val" assault rifles enjoyed particular prestige.
Sniper weapons: The standard SVD was carried by every small group. Hunting carbines, captured VSS Vintorez rifles, and heavy, large-caliber rifles (including foreign models) supplied through Georgia were also used.
Anti-tank weapons: The RPG-7 grenade launcher and the disposable RPG-18 "Mukha" / RPG-26 "Aglen" rocket launchers were the militants' primary weapons, replacing artillery. They fired not only at armored vehicles but also at fortifications and federal troops.
Heavy weapons: PKM and RPK machine guns. DShK and NSV "Utes" heavy machine guns, as well as rare MANPADS (Igla and Strela), were used to fire at helicopters and checkpoints.

Mix of styles: Militants combined Russian army uniforms (VSR-93 "Vertical", VSR-98 "Flora") with commercial or foreign designs (including Turkish and Pakistani camouflage, NATO Woodland jackets).
Paraphernalia: Green headbands with Islamic inscriptions (used by radical groups), civilian black knitted hats, and balaclavas were popular. Warm civilian sweaters and jackets were widely worn in the mountains.

The militants practically never used bulletproof vests or helmets.

Unloading: Chinese "Chicom" chest protectors (Type 56/81), Soviet "Poyas-A" vests, and homemade canvas "bras" were widely used.
Mine warfare: A key element of equipment. Militants actively used Soviet anti-personnel mines (MON-50, OZM-72) and homemade land mines made from artillery shells (122 and 152 mm) remotely controlled by car alarms or radio circuit boards.
Communications: High-quality civilian radios from Motorola and Kenwood gave the militants an advantage in coordinating with federal forces.

Remote Detonators: Powerful charges (often based on large artillery shells) were planted along roadsides and convoy routes. Detonations were carried out remotely using radio-controlled circuit boards, car alarm codes, or long wires.
Mining of escape routes: During their retreat, the militants generously mined the paths behind them with anti-personnel mines (OZM-72, PMN) and set booby traps in abandoned buildings.

Fire ambushes: Groups occupied commanding heights in ravines or established positions in the greenery along the roads. The column was allowed to approach within striking distance. The first RPG-7 shots were fired at the lead and rear vehicles, blocking their progress, after which PKM and automatic rifles were used to fire on the personnel. After 10-15 minutes of intense combat, before federal air or artillery fire arrived, the militants retreated along pre-determined routes.
Night terror: In the dark, quick raids were carried out on checkpoints, commandant's offices and rear bases, followed by dissolving into the local landscape or among the civilian population.

Legalization: Members of small cells hid weapons in caches and lived in populated areas disguised as civilians. Coordination was carried out through liaisons.
Information network: Local residents loyal to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, or intimidated residents, were used as human radar—they reported to the militants the numbers, routes, and changing schedules of guards at Russian checkpoints.

Bunkers and caves: Natural grottoes and underground fortifications carved into the rock, covered with thick layers of logs and earth, were used. They protected the militants from attacks by Su-25 attack aircraft and heavy artillery.
All-round defense: Each base had equipped firing points with sectors of fire covering the approaches, and false positions to distract attention.