[Ancient Russia..🌳⛅🪆]

Rurik (c. 862–879) – founder of the Rurik dynasty, Prince of Novgorod.

Oleg the Prophet (879–912) – regent during the minority of Igor, united Novgorod and Kyiv (882), and made a successful campaign against Constantinople (907).

Igor Rurikovich (912–945) – Prince of Kiev, led military campaigns against Byzantium, killed by the Drevlyans while collecting tribute.

Olga (945–964) – princess regent during the minority of Svyatoslav, took revenge on the Drevlians for the death of her husband, established a system of lessons and parishes, and adopted Christianity.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (964–972) – Prince of Kiev, conducted successful wars with the Khazars, Bulgarians and Pechenegs, and divided the lands between his sons.

The period of civil strife and the flourishing of Kievan Rus (10th–11th centuries) Yaropolk Svyatoslavich (972–980) – the eldest son of Svyatoslav, captured the lands of his brothers, but was defeated by Vladimir.

Vladimir the Great (Saint, Baptist, Red Sun) (980–1015) – Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, baptized Rus’ in 988.

Svyatopolk the Accursed (1015–1016, 1018–1019) – Prince of Turov and Kiev, according to chronicle tradition, killed the brothers Boris, Gleb, and Svyatoslav; he received the nickname "Accursed" for this.

Yaroslav the Wise (1016–1018, 1019–1054) – Prince of Rostov, Novgorod and Kiev, creator of the “Russian Truth”, strengthened the international prestige of Rus'.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich (1054–1068, 1069–1073, 1077–1078) – son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince of Turov, Novgorod, and Kiev; participated in civil strife and the struggle against the Polovtsians.

Vseslav Bryachislavich (the Sorcerer) (1068–1069) – Prince of Polotsk, portrayed as a sorcerer in folklore and The Tale of Igor's Campaign; he was Prince of Kyiv for 7 months after the Kievan uprising.

Vsevolod Yaroslavich (1078–1093) – Prince of Pereyaslav and Kiev, spoke five foreign languages, was a member of the “Triumvirate of Yaroslavichi”.

Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (1093–1113) – Prince of Polotsk, Novgorod, Turov and Kiev, participated in campaigns against the Polovtsians.

12th century: fragmentation and strengthening of new centers Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125) — Prince of Rostov, Smolensk, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl and Kiev, organ

Batu Khan was the leader of the Mongol Empire during the Mongol invasion of Rus' (1237–1242). otvet.mail.ru Sigismund IV was the Polish king, on whose behalf Hetman Zolkiewski acted during the Polish intervention in Russia (1605–1618). otvet.mail.ru domarchive.ru Mehmed I Giray was a Crimean Khan who, in 1521, led a major campaign against Rus' at the head of the Tatar horde. ru.wikipedia.org

Byzantium John Tzimiskes was a Byzantine emperor with whom Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich fought during the war of 970–971. dzen.ru spravochnick.ru Romanos I Lekapenos was a Byzantine emperor who took part in the Russo-Byzantine War of 941–944. ru.ruwiki.ru Khazar Khaganate Joseph was the Khazar Khagan (king) against whom Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich fought. Around 960, in a letter to a dignitary of the Caliphate of Cordoba, he noted that he was waging a "stubborn war" against the Rus'. aif.ru obrazovaka.ru Volga Bulgaria Almush (Jafar ibn Abdullah) was the ruler of Volga Bulgaria, who converted to Islam at the beginning of the 10th century and sought military support against the Khazars. history.ru ru.ruwiki.ru Nomadic tribes (Pechenegs) Kurya was a Pecheneg khan with whom Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich died in battle at the Dnieper rapids. history.ru Western conquerors (Teutonic Order, Swedes) Hermann von Salza was the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order during its confrontation with Russia (1209–1239). Earl Birger was the leader of the Swedish knights in the Battle of the Neva in 1240, which was opposed by the Novgorod Prince Alexander Nevsky.

ru.wikipedia.org foxford.ru

Architecture: After the adoption of Christianity, the construction of churches and monasteries gained particular importance. Initially, churches were built of wood; the construction of stone structures dates back to the late 10th century. Examples include St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod and the Church of Saints Boris and Gleb in Vyshgorod. Fine arts - Orthodox churches were decorated with icons, frescoes and mosaics. Music - princely feasts were accompanied by the playing of musical instruments, and acting skills were developed. The heyday of the Old Russian state dates back to the 11th and 12th centuries, from the reign of Yaroslav the Wise to Mstislav the Great. From the second half of the 12th century, Rus' was a conglomerate of principalities and lands, in which the authority of the Grand Prince of Kyiv remained largely nominal. In 1237–1240, most of the Russian lands were subjected to the devastating invasion of Batu Khan.

Economy The development of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks"—a waterway linking the Baltic Sea with the Black Sea via a system of rivers, lakes, and portages. Control over this route ensured the economic prosperity of the ancient Russian state. Uneven economic development—the most active development occurred in the Middle Dnieper region, in the center of the country, and in the northwest, in Novgorod. Meanwhile, the Northeast (Rostov, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Murom)—a land of forests and rivers, remote from busy trade routes—remained, for a time, a remote outskirts of the state. By the middle of the 11th century, feudalism had become established in Rus': the main wealth - land - was in the hands of feudal lords, the peasants were only the holders of the land and paid rent to the feudal lord for its use (corvée or quitrent). The development of writing - Christianity contributed to the further development of writing; the first written monuments appeared, for example, the Novgorod Codex of the late 10th - early 11th centuries, the Ostromir Gospel. Oral folklore—proverbs, sayings, riddles, and bylinas (also known as "starinas")—developed. Bylinas reflected the traditions and spiritual values ​​of the people, historical events, and everyday life in ancient Russia.

Policy A monarchical form of government, supreme power belonged to the Prince of Kyiv. He collected taxes (tribute), administered justice, issued laws, oversaw the country's defense against enemy attacks, organized the construction of cities, and concluded treaties with neighboring states. The prince governed the country with the help of viceroys—officials who represented his interests in various lands. These viceroys were the prince's relatives or his most loyal warriors. The people's assembly (veche) existed in Kyiv, Novgorod, Pskov, Rostov, and other cities. At the assembly, the most important issues of city governance were decided: tax collection, the resolution of major disputes, the organization of defense against enemies, and sometimes the recognition of the authority of a particular prince. Adoption of Christianity – In 988, Rus' adopted Christianity under Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Orthodoxy contributed to the strengthening of princely power and the development of culture, writing, architecture, and art.