☽༓･˚⁺‧͙Colombia/n𖤐⭒๋࣭ ⭑ RPG

Contemporary Colombian history continues to be marked by several major problems:

armed conflict;
drug trafficking;
inequality;
poverty;
corruption;
land concentration;
displacement;
Violence against social leaders;
institutional reforms;
energy transition;
relations with the United States;
Venezuela;
rural security;
implementation of the peace agreement.

And, at the same time, Colombia has undergone enormous transformations:

urbanization;
economic growth;
educational expansion;
institutional strengthening;
technological development;
economic diversification;
expansion of rights.

July 4, 1991

Colombia approved a new Constitution.

It replaced the Constitution of 1886.

The 1991 Constitution profoundly transformed the State.

Colombia came to be defined as:

social rule of law.

They grew stronger:

fundamental rights;
participation mechanisms;
guardianship;
decentralization;
recognition of ethnic and cultural diversity;
territorial autonomy;
constitutional control.

The 1991 Constitution also profoundly modified economic institutions such as the Bank of the Republic, granting it administrative, patrimonial and technical autonomy.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Pablo Escobar became one of the most powerful drug traffickers in the world.

The Medellín Cartel used:

murders;
attacks;
kidnappings;
terrorism;
corruption.

One of their objectives was to prevent the extradition of drug traffickers to the United States.

Colombia became one of the world's main centers for cocaine production and trafficking.

Large criminal organizations emerged:

Medellín Cartel;

Cali Cartel;

subsequently numerous decentralized structures.

Drug trafficking penetrated:
policy;
economy;
armed forces;
institutions;
justice;
paramilitary groups;
guerrillas.

During the 1960s, several groups emerged or became established.

FARC
They emerged in 1964.

ELN
It also began in 1964.

EPL
It emerged in the 1960s.

M-19
It appeared in 1974, after the 1970 election controversy.

These groups had different ideologies and strategies.

Colombia entered one of the most violent periods in its history.

The political confrontation between liberals and conservatives took on armed dimensions.

Participants:

armed peasants;
liberal guerrillas;
conservative groups;
state forces;
later different armed groups.

The conflict caused mass displacements and profound social transformations.

Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was assassinated in Bogotá.

The event triggered:

The Bogotazo

Bogotá was the scene of:

unrest;
fires;
looting;
destruction;
clashes;
thousands dead and wounded.

The assassination of Gaitán is considered one of the fundamental events for understanding La Violencia.

Banana workers in the Magdalena region went on strike against the United Fruit Company.

The military intervention ended in a massacre.

The exact number of victims remains a subject of historical debate, although the event became one of the symbols of labor and political conflict during the period.

Panama separated from Colombia.

The United States played a fundamental role in the process.

The loss of Panama was one of the great political and territorial blows of the early 20th century.

It was one of the most devastating civil wars in Colombian history.

He faced mainly:

liberals;
conservative government.

It caused enormous human and economic losses.

Furthermore, it left the country deeply weakened.

The Bank of the Republic points out that the war produced serious economic consequences and contributed to high inflation due to the monetary issuance used to finance it.

The federal system began to be questioned.

One of the main leaders of the transformation was:

Rafael Núñez.

Their project aimed to:
strengthen central government;
reorganize the institutions;
to restore the political role of the Church;
reduce federalism.

After another civil war, the Rionegro Constitution was approved.

The country's name changed to:

United States of Colombia.

It was a period of strong federalism.

The states had great autonomy.

The Constitution of 1863 is one of the most radical expressions of Colombian liberalism in the 19th century.

General José María Melo took power.

His government was defeated that same year.

The war of 1854 is recognized as one of the major civil wars of 19th-century Colombia.

The two major traditional parties were consolidated:

Liberal Party

Generally associated with:

federalism;
economic freedom;
secularization;
social reforms;
reduction of the political power of the Church.

Conservative Party

Generally associated with:

centralism;
tradition;
influence of the Catholic Church;
political order;
defense of traditional institutions.

The rivalry between the two parties would mark a large part of Colombian history.

A new Constitution was approved.

Colombia began a long period characterized by:

conflicts between liberals and conservatives;
civil wars;
constitutional reforms;
discussions on federalism and centralism;
debates on Church and State;
slavery;
economic organization.

The subsequent constitutional sequence included the Constitutions of 1843, 1853, 1863, 1886 and 1991.

Gran Colombia began to disintegrate.

Venezuela and Ecuador separated.

Bolívar died in 1830.

In 1831, Gran Colombia definitively disappeared.

The territory of present-day Colombia became the Republic of New Granada.

Strong differences arose within Gran Colombia.

Bolivar

He advocated for a more centralized and stronger government.

Francisco de Paula Santander

He advocated for greater importance of:
the institutions;

the laws;
Congress;
the constitutional system.

The differences increased during the 1820s.

The creation of a great republic was proposed at the Congress of Angostura.

Gran Colombia came to include:

New Granada;
Venezuela;
Ecuador;
Panama.

1821

The Constitution of Cúcuta was approved.

Bolívar became president of Gran Colombia.

The Constitution of 1821 established the institutional foundations of the new Republic.

That same year the Free Wombs Act was passed, an important step towards the abolition of slavery.

After the reconquest, a new military phase began.

Simón Bolívar led the campaign that ended in the defeat of the Spanish forces.

1819
Bolívar crossed the Andes with his army.

August 7, 1819

The Battle of Boyacá took place.

The victory allowed the occupation of Santafé and destroyed the Spanish ability to maintain political control of New Granada.

It is one of the fundamental events of Colombian independence.

Spain temporarily regained military control.
The Spanish general Pablo Morillo led the reconquest campaign.

Cartagena suffered a long siege.

Many independence fighters were executed.

Among the dead was Policarpa Salavarrieta, known as La Pola.

The separatists began to clash with each other.

There were mainly two positions:

Centralists

They advocated a strong, centralized government.
One of its main leaders was:

Antonio Nariño.

Federalists

They advocated a federal structure with greater autonomy for the provinces.

One of its main leaders was:

Camilo Torres Tenorio.

The dispute ended in civil war.

Colombian constitutional history recognizes the 1812 war between centralists and federalists as one of the civil wars that marked the construction of the Republic.

The famous Llorente vase incident occurred in Santa Fe.

The dispute was used as a trigger for a political mobilization.

A governing board was created.

July 20th later became the symbolic date of Colombian independence.

The Presidency of Colombia indicates that on that day the council met to draft the minutes and constitute a new government.

But it's important to understand something:
1810 did not yet signify the definitive independence from Spain.

A process began that would last several years.

Napoleon Bonaparte invades Spain.

King Ferdinand VII is deposed and Napoleon places his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne.

The crisis raises a fundamental question:

Who should govern the American territories if the legitimate king is not ruling?

This directly contributed to the independence process.

At the end of the 18th century, ideas began to circulate about:

Illustration;
popular sovereignty;
rights;
freedom;
republicanism.

Antonio Nariño translated and disseminated the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, an action that led to his persecution and imprisonment.

One of the most important events before independence was the Revolution of the Comuneros.

The movement began in Socorro, in present-day Santander.

Among its leaders was José Antonio Galán.

The uprising was mainly against:

taxes;
monopolies;
economic measures of the Crown.

Although the movement was defeated, it remained as one of the great antecedents of independence.

During the 18th century, the Spanish monarchy attempted to increase control over its colonies.

They increased:

taxes;
monopolies;
trade controls;
state administration.

These reforms provoked discontent among various sectors.

The Viceroyalty of New Granada is created.

Its existence was interrupted and was later consolidated again in 1739.

Its territory comprised, at different times, regions corresponding to the present day:

Colombia;
Ecuador;
Panama;
Venezuela.

Santa Fe de Bogotá became the main political center.

The conquest gradually gave way to the colonial system.

In 1550 a new institutional stage formally began with the creation of the Royal Audiencia of Santafé de Bogotá.

Historical record of the Presidency
Colonial society was roughly organized as follows:

peninsular Spaniards;
Creoles;
mestizos;
indigenous people;
enslaved African population.

The colonial economy was based, among other activities, on:

gold mining;
agriculture;
cattle raising;
trade;
taxes;
indigenous labor;
African slavery.

Institutions

Spain established:

Royal Court;
governorships;
town councils;
religious authorities;
tax systems;
later the Viceroyalty.

1510
Santa María la Antigua del Darién is founded, one of the first permanent Spanish settlements on the American continent.

1533
Pedro de Heredia founded Cartagena de Indias.
Cartagena later became one of the main Spanish ports in America.

1536
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada begins the expedition into the interior.

1537
The Spanish arrive in Muisca territory.

1538
Jiménez de Quesada founded Santa Fe de Bogotá.

That same period was marked by the expeditions of other conquerors, including:

Sebastian de Belalcázar;

Nicholas of Federman;

Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.

In 1499, Spanish expeditions explored the Caribbean coast of what is now Colombian territory.
Spanish settlements began during the first decades of the 16th century.

The conquest was a prolonged and violent process that involved:

wars with indigenous peoples;

alliances between Spaniards and some indigenous groups;

epidemics;

enslavement and exploitation;

imposition of Christianity;

land grabbing;

establishment of Spanish institutions.

The Presidency of Colombia itself places the first Spanish expeditions on the Atlantic coast in 1499 and the first colonization processes in 1509.

Long before Colombia existed, the territory was inhabited by numerous indigenous peoples.

Among the most important were:

Muiscas — Cundiboyacense plateau.
Taironas — Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
Quimbayas — region of the current Coffee Axis.
Zenúes — Colombian Caribbean.
Calimas — Valle del Cauca.
Nasa — present-day Cauca.
Pijaos — Tolima and surrounding areas.
Pastos and Quillacingas — Nariño.

Numerous Amazonian peoples and those from the Pacific and Orinoco regions.

The Muisca developed a complex political organization, agriculture, trade, and their own religious systems. The famous legend of El Dorado arose around ceremonies associated with the Muisca rulers.

The Tairona people built settlements, roads, and agricultural systems in the Sierra Nevada.

(source: Gpt chat 🫰😳💜)