Military

Military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts, not just the history of state armies. It differs somewhat from the history of warfare in that military history focuses on the people and institutions that waged war, while the history of warfare focuses on the evolution of warfare itself in the face of changes in technology, governments, and geography.

Military history has several facets. One main facet is learning from past achievements and mistakes, so that war can be waged more effectively in the future. Another is creating a sense of military tradition, which is used to create cohesive military forces. Still another is learning how to prevent wars more effectively. Human knowledge about the military is largely based on oral and recorded history of military conflicts (war), their participating armies and navies, and more recently, air forces.

The primary reason for the existence of the military is to engage in combat, if national defense policy so demands, and to win. This represents an organizational goal of any military and the main focus of military thought throughout military history. How victory is achieved and what form it takes is studied by most, if not all, military groups at three levels.

A military, also known collectively as the armed forces, is a heavily armed and highly organized force intended primarily for warfare. Militaries are typically chartered and maintained by a sovereign state, and their members are identifiable by a distinctive military uniform. They may consist of one or more military branches, such as the army, navy, air force, space force, marine, or coast guard. The primary task of a military is usually defined as the defense of its state and its interests against external armed threats.

In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made where a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces, such as the armed police.

A nation's military may function as a discrete social subculture, with dedicated infrastructure such as military housing, schools, utilities, logistics, hospitals, legal services, food production, finance, and banking services. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and unauthorized roles within the state, including threats to internal security, crowd control, promotion of political agendas, emergency services and reconstruction, protection of corporate economic interests, and so on.

Despite the growing importance of military technology, military activity depends above all on people. For example, in 2000 the British Army declared: "Man remains the first weapon of war."

Rank and role
Military organization is characterized by a command hierarchy divided by military rank , with ranks typically grouped (in descending order of authority) as officers (e.g., colonel ), non-commissioned officers (e.g., sergeant ), and lowest-ranking personnel (e.g., private ). While senior officers make strategic decisions, subordinate military personnel (soldiers , sailors , marines , or airmen ) carry them out. Although rank titles vary by military branch and country, the rank hierarchy is common to all state armed forces of the world.

In addition to their rank, personnel occupy one of many trade roles, which are often grouped according to the nature of the role's military duties in combat operations: combat roles (e.g., infantry), combat support roles (e.g., combat engineers), and combat service support functions (e.g., logistics support).

Military strategy is the management of forces in wars and military campaigns by a commander-in-chief, employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of armies, navies, and air forces; such as army groups, naval fleets, and large numbers of aircraft. Military strategy is a long-range projection of the policy of the belligerents, taking a broad view of the implications of the results, even outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is concerned more with war supply and planning than with the management of field forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military planning may span weeks, but is more often months or even years.

Operational mobility is, within warfare and military doctrine, the level of command that coordinates the minute details of tactics with the overall objectives of strategy. A common synonym is operational art.

The operational level is on a larger scale than that where line of sight and time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are operational level if they are capable of conducting operations on their own and are of sufficient size to be directly managed or have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the German Army before and during World War II. At this level, planning and duration of activities takes from a week to a month and are executed by Field Armies and Army Corps and their naval and air equivalents.

Military tactics deals with methods of engaging and defeating the enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are typically used by units for hours or days and focus on the specific tasks and objectives of squads, companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, and their equivalents in the naval and air forces.

General Officers
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OF-10
Captain General (5-star general). This rank is usually inactive or used in a protocolary or honorary manner. If it is effective, it is normally the highest rank in the Armed Forces.
OF-9
Army general (4-star general). In the navy, admiral general, and in the air force, air general or air general. In some countries, he is simply called general and admiral.
OF-8
Lieutenant general (3-star general). In the navy, admiral (3 stars).
OF-7
Major general (2-star general). In the navy, vice admiral (2 stars). Major general in other countries.
OF-6
Brigadier general (1-star general). In the navy, rear admiral (1 star). brigadier or brigadier general and commodore in other countries.
Officials
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OF-5
Colonel. In the navy, ship captain.
OF-4
Lieutenant colonel. In the navy, frigate captain.
OF-3
Major. In the Navy, lieutenant commander. Known as a commander in other countries.
OF-2
Captain. In the navy, lieutenant.
OF-1
Lieutenant. In the navy, ship's second lieutenant and below, second lieutenant. In the navy, frigate second lieutenant.
In some countries, the rank is known as a frigate lieutenant and the frigate ensign/lieutenant is known as a second lieutenant or lieutenant. In other navies, it is also known as a frigate lieutenant, and below that, a corvette lieutenant or second lieutenant.
OF-D
Ensign (between 3rd and 5th years of the officer academy) and cadet knight/dame (in 1st and 2nd years of the officer academy) at the General Military Academy. In the Navy, frigate ensign (in 5th year), midshipman (in 3rd and 4th years) and officer candidate (in 1st and 2nd years) at the Naval Military School and in the Air Force, student ensign (between 3rd and 5th years) and cadet knight/dame (in 1st and 2nd years) at the General Air Academy.

Among NATO States there is a system of codes to standardize and know the equivalence between the ranks of the different armies that compose it ("Standardization Agreement", STANAG 2116, [8] 1992). Above the OF-10 there are theoretical jobs, rather positions that have either never been actually used, or represent heads of a totalitarian state, such as the generalissimo or the general of the armies.

Non-commissioned officers
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OR-10
Chief Warrant Officer. Sergeant major of the army in some nations.
OR-9
Second Lieutenant. Sergeant Major in other countries.
OR-8
Brigade. Job title exclusive to Spain, in other countries it is equivalent to a sergeant of a specific specialty.
OR-7
First sergeant.
OR-6
Sergeant.
Troop
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OR-5
Senior corporal. Exclusive to Spain, in other armies it receives different names.
OR-4
First Corporal. In both the Army and the Navy.
OR-3
Corporal. Also known as second corporal.
OR-2
Private first class or first class. First class/first class or distinguished seaman in the navy.
OR-1
Soldier. Sailor in the navy.

During World War I, the need to break the stalemate of trench warfare led to the rapid development of many new technologies, most notably tanks. Military aviation was widely used, and bombers proved decisive in many battles of World War II, which marked the most frenetic period of weapons development in history. Many new designs and concepts were used in combat, and all existing warfare technologies were improved between 1939 and 1945.

Recently, special attention has also been paid to the use of renewable fuels for the operation of military vehicles. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable fuels can be produced in any country, which creates a strategic advantage. The US military has committed to sourcing 50% of its energy consumption from alternative sources.

During World War II, significant advances were made in military communications through the increased use of radio, military intelligence through the use of radar, and in military medicine through the use of penicillin, while in the air guided missiles, jet aircraft, and helicopters were seen for the first time. Perhaps the most infamous of all military technologies was the creation of nuclear weapons, although the exact effects of their radiation were unknown until the early 1950s. Much greater use of military vehicles eventually eliminated cavalry from the military force structure. Following World War II, with the onset of the Cold War, constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized, as participants engaged in a constant arms race in capability development. This constant state of weapons development continues to the present. Main battle tanks and other heavy equipment, such as armored fighting vehicles, military aircraft, and ships, are characteristic of organized military forces.

The most important technological developments influencing combat have been guided missiles, which can be used by all branches of the military. More recently, information technology and its use in surveillance, including space-based reconnaissance systems, have played an increasing role in military operations. The impact of information warfare, which focuses on attacking command communication systems and military databases, has been combined with the use of robotic systems in combat, such as unmanned combat aerial vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles.

Military jobs are divided into ranks, which depending on the country and history, are: troops (enlisted), non-commissioned officers (non-commissioned officers) and officers (commissioned officers, subalterns, private officers, chiefs, superiors, generals).

Military ranks are represented visually by insignia and stripes on the uniform, usually as pieces of cloth sewn to the shoulders, sleeves, or chest.

The use of ranks in the armed forces is virtually universal. Organizations such as the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China (1965–1988), the Army of Albania (1966–1991), and the Red Army of the former Soviet Union (1918–1992) are examples of armed forces that once abolished the rank system, only to be forced to reinstate it after encountering operational problems of command and control.

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The military uniform has a great meaning behind each of the garments that compose it. It is, in the case of our country, a reflection of our history, our battles and who we are today. The strict use of this means the foundation of respect for the homeland.

The components of the military uniform are the following: camouflage fabric (jungle and desert for the army and blue for the air force). It consists of a headdress, a tunic, trousers, a vest and boots. Along with this, a field cap with the insignia of the rank or the shield of the squadron, operational boots, black operational boots, jump boots or riding boots with spurs are used.

The armed forces are allowed to wear their uniforms both on and off duty. However, there are strict laws regarding their off-duty use, whether service or dress uniforms.