1st World War RPG

In 1914, the first ever world conflict began. The countries that started the war hoped to bring it to a victorious end quickly. As a result, it was only in November 1918 that the countries ceased fire. Back in 1882, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy signed a treaty establishing the Triple Alliance. It existed until 1915, when Italy became an enemy camp, and the Union was replenished with Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. This international bloc began to be called the Fourth Union or the "Central Powers". In 1904, Russia and France, fearing the growth of Germany's power, signed an alliance. In 1907, Great Britain joined them. This is how the Entente block is formed. Later, it will also include Serbia, Greece, the United States and a number of other countries. The unions were ready, and in some regions of the world there were "hot spots". As already mentioned above, Serbia supported national underground organisations of other peoples of the Balkans as part of Austria-Hungary. This was also the case with the terrorist organisation "Mlada Bosnia". In June 1914, the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo, was visited by the heir to the throne, Franz-Ferdinand and his wife. The 19-year-old member of the organisation "Mlada Bosnia" Gavrilo Principle was associated with Serbia and dreamed of a great union of the southern Slavs without Austria-Hungary. He was preparing to make an assassination attempt. He was helped in this by Serbian terrorists from the Black Hand organisation, as well as the Serbian military.On June 28, shots were fired on Sarajevo Street, Franz-Ferdinand and his wife were fatally wounded. Soon they died, and Austria blamed Serbia for the terrorist attack, declaring war on it. Soon Russia stood up for Serbia, Germany for Austria, and France for Russia. The world war has begun...

During the period of international tension, in the years preceding the events of the First World War, the strongest players on the world stage joined forces in order to dictate their policies and have advantages in solving foreign policy issues. In response, an alliance was created, which later became a counterweight to these events.This is how the history of the confrontation began, the key players in which were two international coalitions - the Entente and the Triple Alliance. The Triple Alliance as a military-political bloc was officially established in 1882. It included three countries: Germany;Austria-Hungary; Italy. Initially, the Triple Alliance was created to strengthen hegemony, but later its goals changed somewhat. Having concluded the first military agreement, Germany played a key role in the formation of the Triple Alliance. Austria-Hungary became the second member of the military-political bloc to join Germany. Italy was the last to join the alliance. After the end of the First World War, Italy was withdrawn from the block. The coalition itself has not disintegrated, on the contrary, it is additionally. Having concluded the first military agreement, Germany played a key role in the formation of the Triple Alliance. Austria-Hungary became the second member of the military-political bloc to join Germany. Italy was the last to join the alliance. After the end of the First World War, Italy was withdrawn from the block. The coalition itself did not disintegrate, on the contrary, it additionally included two more countries - Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.

The Entente or Triple Accord Union was represented by a military-political alliance of three states that existed from 1904 to 1922. Its participants were: • United Kingdom; France; Russia. The Entente was created in response to education Triple Alliance, after the forces in the international arena radically changed and there was a clash between the colonial interests of Great Britain and German Empire. Thus, by 1914, Europe was divided into two hostile camps: Triple Alliance and Entente. They were the ones who dominated the diplomatic history. Western Europe until the entry into an armed conflict in the First World War. In fact, their confrontation led to the First World War.

The following major countries took part in the war: Austria-Hungary (July 27, 1914 - November 3, 1918), Germany (August 1, 1914 - November 11, 1918), Turkey (October 29, 1914 - October 30, 1918), Bulgaria (October 14, 1915 - September 29, 1918). Entente countries and allies: Russia (August 1, 1914 - March 3, 1918), France (August 3, 1914), Belgium (August 3, 1914), Great Britain (August 4, 1914), Italy (May 23, 1915), Romania (August 27, 1916).

1 more important point. Initially, Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance. But after the outbreak of World War I, the Italians declared neutrality.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 2 great powers in continental Europe: Germany and Russia. They did not want to fight openly against each other, because the forces were approximately equal. Therefore, in the "July crisis" of 1914, both sides took a wait-and-see position. English diplomacy came to the fore. It conveyed to Germany by means of the press and secret diplomacy the position - in case of war, England will remain neutral or take the side of Germany. By open diplomacy, Nicholas 2 came up with the opposite idea that in the event of a war, England would take the side of Russia. It should be clearly understood that one open statement by England that it will not allow war in Europe would be enough for neither Germany nor Russia to think about anything like this. Naturally, in such conditions, Austria-Hungary would not dare to attack Serbia. But England pushed European countries to war with all its diplomacy.

Before the First World War, Russia reformed the army. In 1907, the fleet was reformed, and in 1910, the land forces were reformed. The country has increased military spending many times over, and the total number of the army in peacetime was now 2 million people. In 1912, Russia adopted a new Charter of Field Service. Today it is rightly called the most perfect Charter of its time, because it motivated soldiers and commanders to show personal initiative. Important point! The doctrine of the army of the Russian Empire was offensive. Despite the fact that there were many positive changes, there were also very serious miscalculations. The main one is the underestimation of the role of artillery in the war. As the course of events of the First World War showed, it was a terrible mistake, which clearly showed that at the beginning of the 20th century, Russian generals were seriously behind in time. They lived in the past, when the role of cavalry was important. As a result, 75% of all losses of the First World War were caused by artillery! This is a sentence to the imperial generals. It is important to note that Russia has not finished preparing for the war (at the proper level), and Germany has completed it in 1914.

On July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. This led to the involvement of the countries of the Triple Alliance in the war, on the one hand, and the Entente, on the other. Russia entered the First World War on August 1, 1914. Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov (Uncle Nicholas 2) was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief. In the early days of the war, St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd. Since the war with Germany began, and the capital could not have a name of German origin - "burg". The North-Western Front of Russia in 1914: At the beginning of the war, Russia did something stupid that Germany could not calculate. Nicholas 2 decided to enter the war without fully mobilising the army. On August 4, Russian troops, under the command of Rennenkampf, launched an offensive in East Prussia (modern Kaliningrad). Samsonov's army was equipped to help her. Initially, the troops operated successfully, and Germany was forced to retreat. As a result, part of the forces of the Western Front was transferred to the Eastern Front. The result is that Germany repelled Russia's offensive in East Prussia (the troops acted disorganised and lacked resources), but as a result, Schlieffen's plan failed, and France could not be captured. So, Russia saved Paris, though by defeating its 1st and 2nd army. After that, a positional war began.

South-Western Front of Russia On the southwestern front in August-September, Russia launched an offensive operation against Galicia, which was occupied by the troops of Austria-Hungary. The Galician operation was more successful than the offensive in East Prussia. Austria-Hungary suffered a catastrophic defeat in this battle. 400 thousand people killed, 100 thousand captured. For comparison, the Russian army lost 150,000 people killed. After that, Austria-Hungary actually withdrew from the war, as it lost the ability to conduct independent actions. Austria was saved from complete defeat only by the help of Germany, which was forced to transfer additional divisions to Galicia.

The main results of the military company of 1914

Germany failed to realise Schlieffen's plan for a lightning war.

No one has managed to win a decisive advantage. The war has turned into a positional war.

Germany was threatened with war on two fronts: Eastern - with Russia, Western - with France. Then the German command developed the "Schlieffen plan", according to which Germany must defeat France in 40 days and then fight Russia. Why 40 days? The Germans believed that this is how much Russia would need to mobilise. Therefore, when Russia mobilises, France will already be out of the game. On August 2, 1914, Germany captured Luxembourg, on August 4 they invaded Belgium (a neutral country at that time), and by August 20, Germany reached the borders of France. The implementation of the Schlieffen plan has begun. Germany advanced deep into France, but on September 5 it was stopped at the Marne River, where a battle took place in which about 2 million people participated on both sides.

In 1915, Germany decided to transfer the main blow to the eastern front, directing all forces to war with Russia, which was the weakest country of the Entente, according to the Germans. It was a strategic plan developed by the commander of the Eastern Front, General von Hindenburg. Russia managed to thwart this plan only at the cost of huge losses, but at the same time 1915 turned out to be simply terrible for the empire of Nicholas 2. The situation on the north-western front From January to October, Germany conducted an active offensive, as a result of which Russia lost Poland, western Ukraine, part of the Baltic States, western Belarus. Russia has moved into a deep Defence. The losses of the Russians were huge: •Killed and wounded - 850 thousand people •Captured - 900 thousand people Russia did not capitulate, but the countries of the Triple Alliance are convinced that Russia will not be able to recover from the losses received. Germany's successes in this section of the front led to the fact that Bulgaria (on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary) entered the First World War on October 14, 1915.The situation on the southwestern front

The Germans, together with Austria-Hungary, organised the Gorlitsky breakthrough in the spring of 1915, forcing the entire southwestern front of Russia to retreat. Galicia, which was captured in 1914, was completely lost. Germany was able to achieve this advantage thanks to the terrible mistakes of the Russian command, as well as a significant technical advantage. German superiority in technology reached:

2.5 times in machine guns.

4.5 times in light artillery.

40 times in heavy artillery.

It was not possible to bring Russia out of the war, but the losses on this section of the front were gigantic: 150,000 killed, 700,000 wounded, 900 thousand prisoners and 4 million refugees.

The situation on the western front

"On the western front, everything is calm." This phrase can be used to characterise how the war between Germany and France took place in 1915. There were sluggish military actions in which no one sought initiative. Germany implemented plans in Eastern Europe, and England and France calmly mobilised the economy and the army, preparing for further war. No one provided any assistance to Russia, although Nicholas 2 repeatedly appealed to France, first of all, to move on to active actions on the Western Front. As usual, no one has heard him... By the way, this sluggish war on the western front for Germany is perfectly described by Hemingway in the novel "Farewell to Arms". The main result of 1915 was that Germany could not bring Russia out of the war, although all the efforts were focussed on it. It became obvious that the First World War would drag on for a long time, since in 1.5 years of the war no one was able to gain an advantage or a strategic initiative.

Events on the southwestern front in 1916

In May 1916, Russian troops went on the offensive, which lasted 2 months. This offensive went down in history under the name "Brusilovsky Breakthrough". This name is due to the fact that the Russian army was commanded by General Brusilov. The breakthrough of Defence in Bukovina (from Lutsk to Chernivtsi) happened on June 5. The Russian army managed not only to break through the Defence, but also to advance into its depths in places up to 120 kilometres. The losses of the Germans and Austro-Hungarians were catastrophic. 1.5 million dead wounded and prisoners. The offensive was stopped only by additional German divisions, which was hastily transferred here from Verdun (France) and from Italy. In this offensive, the Russian army was not without a spoonful of tar. As a matter of it, the allies threw it up. On August 27, 1916, Romania entered the First World War on the side of the Entente. Germany defeated her very quickly. As a result, Romania lost the army, and Russia received an additional 2,000 kilometres of front.

Events on the Caucasian and North-Western fronts: On the North-Western Front, positional battles continued in the spring-autumn period. As for the Caucasian front, the main events here continued from the beginning of 1916 to April. During this time, 2 operations were carried out: Erzurmur and Trapezund. According to their results, Erzurum and Trapezund were conquered, respectively.

The result of 1916 in the First World War: The strategic initiative has sided with the Entente. The French fortress of Verdun survived thanks to the advance of the Russian army. Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente. Russia carried out a powerful offensive - Brusilovsky breakthrough.

In February 1916, Germany launched a general offensive against France in order to capture Paris. For this purpose, a campaign was carried out on Verdun, which covered the approaches to the French capital. The battle lasted until the end of 1916. During this time, 2 million people died, for which the battle was called the "Verden Meat Grinder". France resisted, but again thanks to the fact that Russia came to its rescue, which intensified on the southwestern front.

1917 in the First World War was marked by the fact that the war continued against the background of the revolutionary situation in Russia and Germany, as well as the deterioration of the economic situation of the countries. I'll give you an example of Russia. During the 3 years of the war, the prices of basic products increased by an average of 4-4.5 times. Naturally, this caused people's discontent. We add to this heavy losses and an exhausting war - it turns out a great ground for revolutionaries. The situation is similar in Germany. In 1917, the United States entered the First World War. The position of the Triple Alliance is getting worse. Germany and its allies cannot effectively fight on 2 fronts, as a result of which it goes on Defence.

In the spring of 1917, Germany launched another offensive on the Western Front. Despite the events in Russia, Western countries demanded that the Provisional Government implement the agreements signed by the Empire and send troops on the offensive. As a result, on June 16, the Russian army went on the offensive near Lviv. Again, we saved the allies from major battles, but we set ourselves up capitally.

The Russian army, exhausted by war and losses, did not want to fight. The issues of provision, uniforms and supplies during the war years were never resolved. The army fought reluctantly, but it was moving forward. The Germans were forced to transfer troops here again, and Russia's allies in the Entente again isolated themselves, watching what would happen next. On July 6, Germany went on the counteroffensive. As a result, 150,000 Russian soldiers were killed. The army has virtually ceased to exist. The front fell apart. Russia could no longer fight, and this disaster was inevitable. People demanded Russia's withdrawal from the war. And this was one of their main demands on the Bolsheviks, who seized power in October 1917. Initially, at the 2nd congress of the party, the Bolsheviks signed the decree "On Peace", actually proclaiming Russia's withdrawal from the war, and on March 3, 1918, they signed the Brest Peace Treaty. The conditions of this world were as follows: Russia makes peace with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Russia is losing Poland, Ukraine, Finland, part of Belarus and the Baltic States. Russia is inferior to Turkey in Batum, Kars and Ardagan.

As a result of its participation in the First World War, Russia lost: about 1 million square metres of territory, about 1/4 of the population, 1/4 of arable land and 3/4 of the coal and metallurgical industries were lost.

Germany got rid of the Eastern Front and the need to wage war in 2 directions. As a result, in the spring and summer of 1918, it attempted an offensive on the Western Front, but this offensive had no success. Moreover, as it progressed, it became obvious that Germany was squeezing the maximum out of itself, and that it needed a break in the war.

Autumn 1918

The decisive events in the First World War took place in autumn. The Entente countries, together with the United States, went on the offensive. The German army was completely driven out of France and Belgium. In October, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria concluded a truce with the Entente, and Germany was left to fight alone. Her situation was hopeless after the German allies in the Triple Alliance essentially surrendered. This resulted in the same thing that happened in Russia - the revolution. On November 9, 1918, Emperor Wilhelm 2 was overthrown.

On November 11, 1918, the First World War of 1914-1918 ended. Germany signed a complete surrender. It happened near Paris, in the Compiègne Forest, at the Retonde station. The surrender was accepted by the French Marshal Foch. The terms of the signed peace were as follows: Germany recognises complete defeat in the war. The return of the province of Alsace and Lorraine to the borders of 1870 by France, as well as the transfer of the Saar coal basin. Germany lost all its colonial possessions, and also pledged to transfer 1/8 of its territory to its geographical neighbours. For 15 years, the Entente troops are on the left bank of the Rhine. By May 1, 1921, Germany had to pay the members of the Entente (Russia was not entitled to anything) 20 billion marks in gold, goods, securities, etc. Germany must pay reparations for 30 years, and the amount of these reparations is determined by the winners themselves and can be increased at any time during these 30 years. Germany was forbidden to have an army of more than 100,000 people, and the army was obliged to be exclusively voluntary. The conditions of the "peace" were so humiliating for Germany that the country actually became a puppet. Therefore, many people of that time said that the First World War, although it was over, it ended not in peace, but with a truce for 30 years. That's how it ended up...

The Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, the treaty that officially ended the First World War of 1914-18, was signed on June 28, 1919 in Versailles. The terms of the treaty were finalised (after long secret meetings) at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-20. The Treaty entered into force on January 10, 1920, after its ratification. Germany and the four main allied powers - Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan

The First World War was fought on the territory of 14 states. It was attended by countries with a total population of more than 1 billion people (about 62% of the world's total population at that time). In total, 74 million people were mobilised by the participating countries, of which 10 million were killed and another 20 million were injured. As a result of the war, the political map of Europe has changed significantly. Such independent states as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Albania appeared. Austria-Hungary broke up into Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Romania, Greece, France, Italy have increased their borders. There were 5 countries that lost and lost in the territory: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey and Russia.

On September 15, 1916, an event took place that turned military history upside down. On this day, tanks took part in the fighting for the first time. This happened during the offensive of British troops in the area of the French villages of Fleur and Courselette, as part of a large-scale battle on the Somme, one of the bloodiest battles of World War I. Two mysterious monsters crawled over the lunar fields of the earth dotted with craters [...]. There were no obstacles for them, some supernatural force seemed to move them forward. Our machine gun fire and our grenades rebounded from them. The battle ended with the tactical success of the British, who were able to go a few kilometres deep into the German positions, occupy the villages of Courselet, Fleur and capture 4,000 prisoners. This result was achieved due to artillery training and massive offensive of 11 infantry and cavalry divisions. The role of tanks was insignificant. Only 9 out of 25 tanks were able to break through the enemy's Defence, deepening by 1 kilometre. Success was limited, however, it became clear that a new type of military equipment has a great future. Douglas Hague orders hundreds more tanks, and British engineers continue to develop new armoured vehicles. Parallel development was also carried out by the French.

Public opinion during the war years. The outbreak of the war caused an explosion of patriotic feelings in all warring countries. There were mass rallies in support of the government's actions. However, by the end of 1915, the mood of the population began to change. The strike movement was growing everywhere, the opposition, including the parliamentary one, was strengthening. In Russia, where the military defeats of 1915 sharply aggravated the domestic political situation, this process was particularly vigourous. The opposition launched an attack on an autocratic regime that "does not know how to wage war". Several Duma groups led by cadets united in the "Progressive Bloc", the purpose of which was to create a cabinet of public trust, i.e. a government based on the Duma majority. In all countries, the activities of left-wing groups in social democratic parties, which from the very beginning categorically opposed the war with varying degrees, became more active. On September 5 - 8, 1915, a conference of representatives of such groups from Russia, Germany, France, Italy, etc. was held in the Swiss town of Zimmervald. They made a statement against the war, called on the peoples to peace. About a third of the delegates led by the leader of the Russian Bolsheviks V. I. Lenin spoke in favour of turning the "imperialist war into a civil war", taking advantage of the fact that weapons are in the hands of millions of proletarians. On the fronts, there was more and more fraternisation of soldiers of opposing armies. Workers put forward anti-war slogans during the strikes. On May 1, 1916 in Berlin, at a mass demonstration, the leader of the left-wing social democrats K. Liebknecht called for the overthrow of the government. National movements have intensified in a number of countries. In April 1916, an uprising broke out in Ireland, brutally suppressed by the British. In July 1916, the uprising of the Kazakhs began in Russia, which was finally subdued only in 1917.

State regulation of the economy. In all belligerent countries, state military and economic departments were established to support the economy, which took control of industry and agriculture. State bodies distributed orders and raw materials, disposed of the products of enterprises. They not only managed the production process, but also regulated working conditions, wages, etc. In general, state intervention in the economy has had a visible effect. This gave rise to the idea of the favourability of such a policy in peacetime as well. In Russia, the relatively weak development of heavy industry could not but affect the supply of the army. Despite the transfer of workers to the position of military personnel, the growth of military products at first was insignificant. The supply of weapons and ammunition from the allies was carried out in extremely limited quantities. To establish military production, the government switched to sequestration (transfer to the state) of large military factories and banks. For the owners, this was a huge source of income. When major abuses of officials in supplying the army were revealed, the government set up committees and meetings with public participation, including zemstvos, which were to deal with military orders. But in practice, this led only to the distribution of military orders and the issuance of cash subsidies.Due to the mass mobilisation of peasants into the army in Russia, the collection of grain has sharply decreased, the cost of their processing has increased. A significant part of horses and cattle was requisitioned as a draft force and to feed the army. The food situation deteriorated sharply, speculation flourished, prices for essential goods increased. The famine has begun.

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The tests were recognised as successful. The British used this grenade and shell until the end of the war.

However, the date of the first use of chemical weapons, which led to mass deaths, is considered to be April 22, 1915, when Germany carried out a massive chlorine attack on the Western Front in Belgium near the city of Ipr, having released about 180 tons of chlorine from 5730 gas cylinders.