Military

Military history is often considered the history of all conflicts, not just the history of state armies. It differs somewhat from the history of war, as military history focuses on the people and institutions that waged war, while the history of war focuses on the evolution of warfare itself in response to changes in technology, governments, and geography.

Military history has several facets. A main facet is learning from past successes and failures, in order to wage war more effectively in the future. Another is creating a sense of military tradition, which is used to build cohesive military forces. Still another is learning to prevent wars more effectively. Human knowledge about the military is largely based on the oral and recorded history of military conflicts (war), their participating armies and navies, and more recently, air forces.

The primary reason for the army's existence is to engage in combat, if national defense policy so requires, and to win. This represents an organizational objective of any army and the main focus of military thought throughout military history. How victory is achieved and what form it takes is studied by most, if not all, military groups at three levels.

An army, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed and highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Military forces are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, and their members are identifiable by distinctive military uniforms. They may consist of one or more military branches, such as the army, navy, air force, space force, marines, or coast guard. The primary task of an army is usually defined as the defense of its state and its interests against external armed threats.

In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces, such as armed police.

A nation's military can function as a discrete social subculture, with dedicated infrastructure such as military housing, schools, utilities, logistics, hospitals, legal services, food production, and banking services. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional authorized and unauthorized functions within the state, including threats to internal security, crowd control, promotion of political agendas, emergency and reconstruction services, protection of corporate economic interests, etc.

Despite the growing importance of military technology, military activity depends above all on people. For example, in 2000 the British army declared: "Man remains the primary weapon of war."

Rank and role Military organization is characterized by a command hierarchy divided by military rank, with ranks typically grouped (in descending order of authority) as officers (e.g., colonel), non-commissioned officers (e.g., sergeant), and enlisted personnel (e.g., private). While senior officers make strategic decisions, subordinate military personnel (soldiers, sailors, marines, or airmen) execute them. Although rank titles vary by military branch and country, the rank hierarchy is common to all state armed forces worldwide.

In addition to their rank, personnel occupy one of many occupational roles, which are often grouped according to the nature of the military tasks of the role in combat operations: combat roles (e.g., infantry), combat support roles (e.g., combat engineers), and combat support service functions (e.g., logistical support).

Military strategy is the management of forces in wars and military campaigns by a commander-in-chief, employing large military forces, whether national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of armies, navies, and air forces; such as army groups, naval fleets, and large numbers of aircraft. Military strategy is a long-term projection of the belligerents' policy, with a broad view of the implications of the results, even outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the supply of war and planning than with the management of campaign forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military planning can span weeks, but more often it is months or even years.

Operational mobility, within warfare and military doctrine, is the level of command that coordinates the minute details of tactics with the general objectives of strategy. A common synonym is operational art.

The operational level is larger in scale than that where line of sight and time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are operational level if they are capable of conducting operations independently and are large enough to be directly managed or to have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was initiated by the German army before and during World War II. At this level, the planning and duration of activities range from one week to one month and are executed by Field Armies and Army Corps and their naval and air equivalents.

Military tactics deal with methods for engaging and defeating the enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are usually employed by units for hours or days and focus on the specific tasks and objectives of squads, companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, and their equivalents in the naval and air forces.

General Officers edit OF-10 Captain General (5-star general). This rank is usually inactive or used for protocol or honorary purposes. If active, it is normally the highest rank in the Armed Forces. OF-9 Army General (4-star general). In the navy, General Admiral, and in the air force, Air General or Air Force General. In some countries, they are simply called general and admiral. OF-8 Lieutenant General (3-star general). In the Navy, Admiral (3 stars). OF-7 Major General (2-star general). In the Navy, Vice Admiral (2 stars). Major General in other countries. OF-6 Brigadier General (1-star general). In the navy, Rear Admiral (1 star). Brigadier or Brigadier General and Commodore in other countries. Officers edit OF-5 Colonel. In the navy, captain of a ship. OF-4 Lieutenant Colonel. In the navy, Captain of Frigate. OF-3 Major. In the navy, lieutenant commander. Known as commander in other countries. OF-2 Captain. In the navy, lieutenant of the navy. OF-1 Lieutenant. In the navy, ensign of the navy and below, ensign. In the navy, ensign of the frigate. In some countries, it is known as lieutenant of frigate, and the ensign/ensign of frigate as second lieutenant or lieutenant. In other navies, also as lieutenant of frigate, and below that lieutenant of corvette or sub-lieutenant. OF-D Second Lieutenant (between 3rd and 5th year of officer academy) and Cadet (in 1st and 2nd year of officer academy) at the General Military Academy. In the Navy, Sub-Lieutenant (in 5th year), Midshipman (in 3rd and 4th year) and Officer Candidate (in 1st and 2nd year) at the Naval Military School, and in the Air Force, Student Second Lieutenant (between 3rd and 5th year) and Cadet (in 1st and 2nd year) at the General Air Force Academy.

Among NATO states, there is a system of codes to homogenize and understand the equivalence between the ranks of the different armies that make it up ("Standardization Agreement", STANAG 2116, [8] 1992). Above OF-10 are theoretical positions, rather than actual ranks, which either have never been effectively used or represent the heads of a totalitarian state, such as the case of the generalissimo or the general of the armies.

Non-commissioned officers edit OR-10 Chief Petty Officer. Sergeant Major of the Army in some nations. OR-9 Sub-Lieutenant. Master Sergeant in other countries. OR-8 Brigada. A job title exclusive to Spain; in other countries, it is equivalent to a sergeant in a specific specialty. OR-7 First Sergeant. OR-6 Sergeant. Troop edit OR-5 Senior corporal. Exclusive to Spain; in other armies, it has different names. OR-4 First Corporal. Both in the army and the navy. OR-3 Corporal. Also known as second corporal. OR-2 First-class soldier or first-class sailor. Distinguished sailor in the navy. OR-1 Soldier. Sailor in the navy.

During World War I, the need to break the stalemate of trench warfare led to the rapid development of many new technologies, particularly tanks. Military aviation was used extensively, and bombers proved decisive in many battles of World War II, which marked the most frenetic period of arms development in history. Many new designs and concepts were used in combat, and all existing war technologies were improved between 1939 and 1945.

Recently, special attention has also been paid to the use of renewable fuels for the operation of military vehicles. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable fuels can be produced in any country, creating a strategic advantage. The US military has committed to sourcing 50% of its energy from alternative sources.

During World War II, significant advances were made in military communications through the greater use of radio, military intelligence through the use of radar, and in military medicine through the use of penicillin, while guided missiles, jet aircraft, and helicopters were used and seen for the first time in aerial warfare. Perhaps the most infamous of all military technologies was the creation of nuclear weapons, although the exact effects of their radiation were unknown until the early 1950s. A much greater use of military vehicles ultimately eliminated cavalry from the structure of military force. After World War II, with the beginning of the Cold War, the constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized, as participants engaged in a constant arms race in the development of capabilities. This constant state of weapons development continues to the present. Main battle tanks and other heavy equipment, such as armored fighting vehicles, military aircraft, and ships, are characteristic of organized military forces.

The most significant technological advances influencing combat have been guided missiles, usable by all branches of the armed forces. More recently, information technology and its use in surveillance, including space-based reconnaissance systems, have played an increasingly important role in military operations. The impact of information warfare, focusing on attacking command communication systems and military databases, has been combined with the use of robotic systems in combat, such as unmanned aerial combat vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles.

Military ranks are divided into categories, which, depending on the country and history, are: enlisted personnel (rank and file), non-commissioned officers (sub-officers), and commissioned officers (subalterns, privates, chiefs, superiors, generals).

Military ranks are visually represented by epaulets/insignia and stripes on the uniform, usually in the form of pieces of fabric sewn onto the shoulders, sleeves, or chest.

The use of ranks in armed forces is virtually universal. Organizations such as the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China (1965-1988), the Albanian Army (1966-1991), and the Red Army of the former Soviet Union (1918-1992) are examples of armed forces that once abolished the system of ranks, although they were later forced to reinstate it after encountering operational command and control problems.

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The military uniform holds great significance in each of its components. In the case of our country, it is a reflection of our history, our battles, and who we are now. Strict adherence to it signifies the foundation of respect for the nation.

The components of the military uniform are as follows: camouflage fabric (jungle and desert for the army and blue for the air force). It consists of a head covering, jacket, trousers, vest and boots. Along with this, a field cap with rank insignia or unit emblem is used, as well as an operational boot, a black operational boot, a jump boot or a riding boot with spurs.

The armed forces can wear their uniforms both when on duty and when off duty. However, there are strict laws governing their use when not on duty, whether service or ceremonial uniforms.