Ancient Empires

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The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada became a vassal state of Castile. This lasted until the arrival of the Catholic Monarchs, after the War of the Castilian Succession, in 1479. Under the Catholic Monarchs, the monarchy took on an absolutist and religious character that reactivated the Holy War in Spain with the aim of conquering the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, which was consummated in 1492. The peninsula continued to host Jewish and Muslim communities that were expelled by the monarchy years later.

United Kingdom After the Roman legions withdrew from Britannia, Germanic peoples known as the Anglo-Saxons began arriving on the island and managed to unify into a kingdom under the House of Wessex and Alfred the Great. Despite frequent Viking invasions, the Anglo-Saxons managed to consolidate and flourish by the year 1000.

800px-Bayeux Tapestry (Harold) Coronation of Harold, Bayeux Tapestry After the end of Edward the Confessor's reign in 1066, a dispute arose over the succession. Edward died childless and had promised the throne to William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold. The Norwegian king, Harald Hardrada, and the young Edgar AEtheling also entered the fray. Harold was eventually crowned the legitimate king, which upset William and Harald, who were preparing to invade the island.

1200px-Arbo - Battle of Stamford Bridge (1870) Battle of Stamford Bridge In September, Harald's Vikings reached Yorkshire (northern England) and defeated the local lords. Upon learning of this, Harold was forced to abandon his vigil in the south and march toward Yorkshire. He attacked the Vikings by surprise and soundly defeated them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

Days later, William began his invasion across the English Channel. Upon receiving the news, Harold immediately went to confront him. The Anglo-Saxons and Normans clashed near Hastings. The Battle of Hastings began around nine in the morning and lasted until dusk. Harold died in battle, and William managed to defeat the remaining Anglo-Saxon troops.

After Harold's death, Edgar was named king, but his troops were unable to defeat William, and he became the new king and suppressed the resistance in the southwest, west, and north.

220px-William Wallace Statue, Aberdeen2 Statue of William Wallace in Aberdeen After the Norman invasion, a country divided between the foreign elite and the Anglo-Saxon commoners emerged. This divide gradually narrowed, giving rise to modern English culture. The English kingdoms subsequently experienced territorial tensions with France, tensions that led to the Hundred Years' War. Between the 13th and 14th centuries, tensions arose between the kingdoms of England and Scotland. These tensions began in 1292 when Edward I of England crowned John Balliol as a puppet king of Scotland. This angered many Scots, including William Wallace, who led a major rebellion against the English.

This rebellion was continued after William's death by Robert the Bruce who achieved the independence of Scotland and became king under the name of Robert I.

At the end of the Hundred Years' War, Henry VI ascended to the English throne. During his reign, the war was lost and a civil war began in Britain (the Wars of the Roses). This war would end with the ascension to the throne of Henry Tudor, ending the English Middle Ages and the establishment of the modern English state.

France After the Germanic invasion of Gaul, the Visigothic kingdom was established until the King of the Franks, Clovis I, expelled them from Gaul, giving rise to the Merovingian dynasty. Clovis's sons expanded their territory into Germany.

As time passed, the mayors of the palace began to gain a lot of power and replaced the Frankish kings. After being blessed by the Pope, they founded a new dynasty, the Carolingians.

Charlemagne Charlemagne (742-814) One of these stewards was Pepin the Short, who, upon dying in 768, divided his kingdom between his sons, Carloman and Charlemagne. Three years later, Carloman died, leaving his brother Charlemagne as sole king of the Franks. Charlemagne expanded his kingdom to Italy, Hungary, Austria, and Spain, which earned him the title of King of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III. Charlemagne died in 814 and was succeeded by his son, Louis the Pious.

Charlemagne's successors were unable to cope with the invasions of the Norman Vikings who settled in the west of the kingdom.

When Louis V of France died in 987 without leaving any descendants, a political crisis began that ended with the end of the Carolingian dynasty and the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.

Between the 14th and 15th centuries, France and England fought the Hundred Years' War for the French throne and control of English possessions in the country. With the arrival of Joan of Arc and the breaking of the Siege of Orleans, France began to regain territory and expelled the English from the country at the Battle of Castillon. However, the English claim to the French throne remained formally maintained until 1801.

Viking villages The Vikings were Scandinavian people who practiced piracy and traded throughout Europe during the second half of the first millennium.

The first documented Viking raid occurred in 793 on Lindisfarne Island in England. There, the Vikings plundered and destroyed everything in their path, including an important Christian monastery. From then on, the Vikings continued their raids across England, Ireland, Germany, France, Spain, Russia, and even the Americas, centuries before Christopher Columbus, introducing words from their language and customs to the conquered lands.

Viking culture eventually dissolved and slowly became that of the conquered peoples. The dynasties that ruled the other conquered kingdoms gradually separated from their Nordic roots, and eventually the original Viking kingdoms converted to Christianity, leaving behind their warrior and pagan customs.

Justinian I (483-565) Byzantine emperor. After the fall of its western counterpart, the Eastern Roman Empire prospered greatly, mainly during the time of its greatest emperor, Justinian, who expanded the empire throughout the Mediterranean coast (except Hispania) and the Black Sea. However, during his administration, there was a war between factions in Constantinople during the Nika Revolution. Justinian lived 82 years, much longer than any other Byzantine emperor, but in his old age he devoted himself entirely to expanding and beautifying his capital.

After Justinian's death, the empire was invaded by Arabs and even Christian crusaders. In 1453, Mehmet II's Turks entered Constantinople after a 55-day siege, putting an end to the Byzantine Empire and the Middle Ages. All Christian churches were converted into mosques and their baths into Turkish baths. The capital, Constantinople, was renamed Istanbul.

Middle Ages in Asia Middle East Muhammad Muhammad (570-632) prophet and creator of Islam In 570, the prophet Muhammad was born. He preached the Islamic faith and gained many Muslim followers. He formed a large army that invaded Mecca in 630, making the city the most important center of Islam. Muhammad died in 632, and after him, the Islamic religion served as the driving force behind the unification of all the cities and peoples of the Middle East, Africa, India, and Spain into a great Muslim empire.

Faced with the growing threat from Muslims, Pope Urban II organized the first holy war (crusade) in order to recover the Christian territories in the Middle East that had fallen to the Muslims. Urban II sent more than 30,000 men from many places in Europe who managed to conquer Antioch, Edessa and Jerusalem.

Cristofano dell'altissimo, Saladin, ante 1568 - Serie Gioviana

The Muslim counterattack was led by Imad ad-Din Zengi when he took Edessa in 1145, so a new crusade was called in Europe, which failed and only led to Muslim expansion in Syria and Damascus under the command of Nur al-Din, Zengi's son and successor, Shirku, and his nephew Salah al-Din (Saladin). Years later, the latter would become the most powerful and important figure in the Arab world after winning the Battle of the Horns of Hattin.

Saladin's power endangered Christians, and the kings of France, Germany, and England led the Third Crusade. The German king died, and the French king returned early in the war, leaving Richard I of England alone. He signed a peace treaty with Saladin to resolve problems in his own country. When Saladin died in 1193, his empire was disputed by his three sons, bringing a period of relative calm to the Christians of the Middle East.

Later, new crusades were organized, but they failed for the Christians.

Mongol Empire In 1215, the Mongol leader Genghis Khan unified the steppe tribes and created a great empire, but after his death the empire was divided between his sons Kublai Khan (who invaded China) and Hulagu Khan (whose troops annihilated the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad).

No other empire reached the extent of the Mongol Empire despite several attempts to reconstruct it, for example the Timurid Empire of Tamerlane which covered the present-day territories of Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kuwait, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, northern India and Syria.

Japan It was in the Middle Ages that the Japanese state was created with its foundations in the Kofun period (300-540) with the creation of clans and social classes in addition to the arrival of Buddhism on the island.

After the capital was moved in 540, the Asuka period (540-710) began, during which the clans gained much more power in the government. A civil war broke out between the Soga and Mononobe clans over religious issues, which the pro-Buddhist Soga won. During this period, many Buddhist temples were built. The Soga clan dominated the entire empire until a coup d'état led by Naka no Oe and Nakatani no Kamatari of the pro-Shinto Nakatomi clan in 645, changing the entire Yamato state system.

The capital was moved to present-day Nara, beginning the Nara period (710-794), during which barbarian invasions in the north of the island led to the 38-year war, which the Japanese won thanks to General Sakanoue no Tamuramaro.

Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Nagaoka and then to Heian (present-day Kyoto), beginning the Heian period (794-1185), the classical Japanese period where the Fujiwara clan ruled with puppet emperors. In the 10th century, plagues ravaged Japan, which brought about rebellions that were difficult to control. To confront them, the government ordered local governments to create their personal armies made up of samurai. These clans gained a lot of power and soon began to fight in several wars such as the Zenk Unen War.

Rome, imperial city. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of antiquity. The Persians... Assyrian Empire. ... Egyptian pharaohs. ... Babylonian Empire. ... The Incas arrived.