U.K [or Britain] 🇬🇧

They are almost always seen wearing the stereotypical English three-piece suit composed of a white shirt with a red tie/bow tie and a black jacket. They also wear a monocle too. Their choice of dressing is meant to represent the stereotype of the English being posh and overdressed

In general, the United Kingdom avoids falling into awkward moments- they are afraid to say something and end up offending somebody or getting into a misunderstanding. Therefore, they don't like to start conversations with countries they meet for the first time, and their conversations are usually short and general. However, when there's a need to be frank, they won't hesitate to be. They value their personal space and aren't afraid to maintain those boundaries, and they avoid sitting next to other people on the bus and apologize if they accidentally touch someone.

They likes to cast puns, irony and sarcasm, along with other types of humor such as Double Entendre and Spoonerisms, but they usually cast them in a serious tone and would be a dark humor or "out of place" so usually others either misunderstand it or think they're being serious, UK likes taking walks on the countrysides, and they're famous for their love of sports, such as football; tennis; cricket; rugby; golf and polo are the most popular and favorite sports of their people; plus horse racing is considered for them the sport of kings, they're not so civilized like the old days; their people would say they're being a "small and less extreme USA", somehow they still maintain public morals and respect for others, as their society is based on accuracy in appointments; adherence to them; attending on time; and avoiding delay, in addition to adopting the system in all matters, they give women; pregnants; and the elderly people an important position and they give them priority; lack of respect and appreciation of this group is considered an impolite act for them.

The era of Elizabeth I has a special place in Britain's hearts, as it represents their golden age, and whenever they remember it; they never cease to praise and boast about it as they somehow tend to love idealism.

seems that they're not doing well enough in the world of politics, as 40% of their people expressed the need for improvements to the British government, they're also so stubborn as they have committed to Brexit despite the opposition and the consequences thereof, plus when they claim owning something, they don't give it up easily, such as how they're trying so hard to keep Scotland with them, and their refusal to leave the Chagos Archipelago despite repeated the UN requests.

Tea Football Cricket Rugby Gardening Bulldogs Nature, like most of their children and tries their best to be an amazing parent.

The Union Jack is the national flag of the United Kingdom, it is used as an official flag in some of United Kingdom overseas territories. The Union Jack appears in the canton of the flags of several former nations and territories of the British Empire.

This flag has a blue background with a thick red cross that goes horizontal and vertical (St George's Cross) along with thin white lines around the cross. With the addition of a thin red saltire (St Patrick's Cross) with thin white lines around it (St Andrew's Cross).

In fact, the Union Jack is made of the combined flags of England, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Unfortunately, the flag of Wales isn't represented because when the first Union Jack was created in 1606, Wales was already united with England from the 13th century. This meant that Wales was a principality at that period. On April 1606, a new flag was created to represent the royal union between England and Scotland, which the flags of both England and Scotland are combined together. The present design of the Union Jack dates back from a royal announcement following the union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. The flag combines the aspects of the three flags: the red cross of St George to represent the Kingdom of England, the white saltire of St Andrew to represent Scotland and the red saltire of St Patrick to represent Ireland. (Later to represent Northern Ireland after the Republic of Ireland gained their independence.)

The Union Jack's colours feature white, red and blue. White represents peace and honesty, whilst red represents hardiness, strength, bravery and valour; and blue represents vigilance, loyalty, perseverance and justice.

The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 244,820 square kilometres. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the south-east coast coming within 35 km of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. In 1993, 10% of the UK was forested, 46% used for pastures and 25% cultivated for agriculture.

The coastline of Great Britain is 17,820 km long, it is connected to Europe by the Channel Tunnel

England takes over 53% of the total area of the UK, covering 130,395 square kilometres, most of the country consists of low land terrain, with mountainous terrain in the north-west. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn and the Humber, England's highest mountain is Scafell Pike in the Lake District.

Scotland takes over 32% of the total area of the UK, covering 78,772 square kilometres and including nearly eight hundred islands, mostly west and north of the mainland. Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault, which traverses Scotland from Arran in the west to Stonehaven in the east.

Wales takes over 9% of the total area of the UK, covering 20,779 square kilometres. Wales is mostly mountainous, though South Wales is less mountainous than North and mid- Wales. The main population and industrial areas are in South Wales, consisting of the coastal cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and the South Wales Valleys to their north. Wales has over 2,704 kilometres of coastline, several islands lie off the Welsh mainland.

Northern Ireland, separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and North Channel, has an area of 14,160 square kilometres. It includes Lough Neagh at 388 square kilometres, is the largest lake in the British Isles by area. The highest peak in Northern Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Mountains at 852 meters. [4]

Scotland — Parent England — Parent Wales — Pibling Ireland — Pibling Canada — Child United States — Child Australia — Child New Zealand — Child Vermont Republic — Dead Child Draft:Malta — Step-child United Nations — Grandchild Netherlands — Cousins Antigua and Barbuda — Child Bahamas — Child Barbados — Child Belize — Child Botswana — Child Dominica — Child Eswatini — Child Fiji — Child Gambia — Child Ghana — Child Grenada — Child Guyana — Child Israel — Step-child Jamaica — Adopted child Kenya — Child Draft:Kiribati — Child Lesotho — Child Malaysia — Adopted child Myanmar — Adopted Child Nigeria — child Pakistan — Adopted child Saint Kitts and Nevis — Child Saint Lucia — Child Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — Child Sierra Leone — Child Singapore — Adopted child Brunei — Adopted child Solomon Islands — Child South Africa — Half-Child Tonga — Child Trinidad and Tobago — Child Tuvalu — Child Uganda — Child United Arab Emirates — Adopted child Zambia — Child Zimbabwe — Child

United States — "My rebellious child, Good to hang out with occasionally, they does their own thing usually." United Nations — "Some may consider them useless but they really do help in important situations, although some problems are recent between us, my relations with my grandchild is still good, I guess." Portugal Spain Indonesia Singapore Malaysia Mexico Brazil France — "My former rival, we might have a complicated and rough past. But you're still my friend." Canada - "One of my childrens. Theyre's more obedient than USA." Australia - "Used to be one of my colonies, but now it's as successful as Canada and USA." Germany — "A good economic ally and leader of the EU!" Egypt - "Do you remember El Alamein?" Belgium Netherlands Chile Sweden UAE Ghana Nigeria Ireland - "I know you won’t forget that, and I’m sorry, but I’m glad you put our differences behind us." Bulgaria

India — "Despite our past, we can still agree that tea and cricket are the best." South Africa — "We’re good friends and we do have some terrible arguments, but i enjoy their company and opinions." Philippines — "I'm sorry about my people treating your people harshly. I really am. You and i agree that tea is amazing!" Belarus - “It’s very awkward, I guess I have no opinion on you. You’re an ally of Russia though. I’d like to remain neutral.” Vietnam Mongolia Japan — "I appreciate that you make anime based about my country's history but stop ruining Wales! We both love tea so i guess we're fine." South Sudan England Armenia Wales Northern Ireland - "Welcome to the Kingdom, we’ll treat you well. Tell them not to worry too much." Russia - "You’re an idiot, i’ll give you that. Invading Ukraine was incredibly stupid. In my opinion, at least." Guatemala Romania European Union - "I’m no longer a part of you, but I hold no feelings against you. You united Europe." Scotland — "It's complicated, we have sort of a strained relationship in recent times (mostly after they had an independence referendum) from the union, but i guess we're sorting things out now, or well, trying to."

France ❝ France and I, well, we have had a lot of problems in the past. Nowadays, things seem better. I'm happy I can still be their friend. We have a nice friendship, or well, I'd say.❞

– UK's thoughts about France

France and the UK, despite "breaking up" in the fandom, seem to be on more good terms nowadays. There was a long period of tension between them. They had a time in their lives where they would constantly fight and try to be superior to one and another. Nowadays, they think they made the right decision to break off. This hurt Canada quite a lot. France did regret leaving the UK to take care of Canada by themselves. Nowadays, on the bright side, they still try to hold maintain an ex-family-like relationship.

Canada ❝ Canada, my dear child, They has grown to be a wise individual. They's are lot like their parents in some ways. I cannot say how much i am proud of them. I'm sure France is too.❞

– UK's thoghts about Canada

Canada is the United Kingdom's eldest child. Their parents are the United Kingdom and France. The UK loves their child, despite maybe not being the best parent to them when they were younger. They didn't have a Parent-figure around and it hurt the UK. Despite all of the countless arguing and scolding, Canada grew to become a vastly successful country.

United States ❝ Ah, my other child. I remember all the times we had when they were younger. They may have been a rebellious one - after all - we had countless wars, and I guess we cannot hide that. At least, nowadays, They's are lot more mature. They're quite a respectful young person, or I hope! I don't see them all the time.❞

– UK's thoughts about United States

United States; or USA, is the other child of the UK and Spain. The UK personally had a lot more trouble with the USA as every time they turned their back, Them and Canada would be arguing. In the USA's teenage years, They and the UK would fight a lot. USA was very rebellious and decided their did not like what the UK was telling them to do. In fact, the USA even threw some of the UK's tea in the ocean, which they was absolutely horrified about, but they try to forget that moment happened.

Spain ❝ Spain and i, well, we have a bit of a complex relationship. We're meant to be married, and we even have a child together. However, we just don't talk about that often. It doesn't feel like the same kind of connection I had with France when i was with them. It's very odd.❞

– UK's thoughts about Spain

The UK and Spain have a complex relationship. They were married and can sometimes be seen together, but in all honesty, the UK does not feel the connection with Spain as they did with France. Although Spain has not been interested in being with UK. They doesn't usually think anything of it, however, they do have a child together, who is the USA.

Malaysia ❝ They hated me when they was a small kid, but they feels fine with me now that they's grown up. They immediately became loyal to me. We love each other.❞

– UK's thoughts about Malaysia

Being both rebellious and loyal towards the UK, They's are still a good child. UK support Malaysia during WW2 with the Malayan Emergency and Confrontation that is a Borneo Conflict with two nations against each other, Malaysia and Indonesia.

New Zealand ❝ Well, They are quite the scoundrel; we have to keep a close eye on them at all times. But now that we have Australia around, we don't have to watch them as closely. Australia is very responsible, and i trust them. We love New Zealand all the same.❞

– UK's thought about New Zealand

Chile ❝ The only Latin American that i like is Chile. The rest is dirty blood!❞

– UK's thought about Chile and the rest of Latin American countries

Philippines ❝ You're more stable than the others. Finally! Someone who appreciates my tea. Also you're a great friend. Sorry about the occupation in your country❞

– UK's thoughts about The Philippines

Zimbabwe Iran Argentina – "Ideally, we decided to move to a new stage of relations and establish strong friendships in 2016, but who knows. The Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands aren't coming back." Syria Northern Cyprus Liechtenstein Chad Venezuela China - "I would like our relationship to be as close as in the old days." North Korea - "Your Ideology won't do you any good!" Myanmar Third Reich — "Worst thing to ever exist! Leave my people alone! Bombing raids over my cities?! UNFORGIVABLE!" USSR — "You, spreading communism and treating your people is unforgivable!" Kingdom of Italy Japanese Empire

Anglo-French War

War with the United States

Union with Ireland

Napoleonic Wars

Postwar 1815-1822

The first people to be called 'English' were the Anglo-Saxons, a group of closely related Germanic tribes that began migrating to eastern and southern Great Britain, from southern Denmark and northern Germany.

The Kingdom of Great Britain was created in 1707 May 1, with a political union of the Kingdom of England, Wales and Kingdom of Scotland under the Treaty of Union. It's the combined Kingdom and merged the two parliaments into a single parliament of Great Britain. Queen Anne was the first monarch to create the New Great Britain. However, Scotland and England remained separate such as Scottish and English law; and the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the Anglican Church of England. England and Scotland each also continued to have their own system of education.

British Empire The war began in 1756 was the first war waged on a global scale, fought in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines and coastal Africa which lasted seven years. Britain gained more land and more power than the rest of its European neighbours. Britain fought against the French in the North America and eventually lost it's colony and annexed by the British.

The Victorian era (1837-1901) is the period of the reign of Victoria, Queen of the British Empire, Ireland and India.

The Victorian era seems to be heterogeneous, as it is characterized by rapid changes in many areas of society: technological, demographic shifts, changes in political and social perception. Such active and constant changes in the sphere of economic and spiritual life were due to the absence of large-scale wars (which allowed Great Britain to develop intensively), fear of a catastrophe from the outside, and throughout the entire period interest in religious issues remained, there was a rapid development of scientific thought and self-discipline of the human person.

In the field of economics, the industrial revolution and the development of capitalism continued during this period. In foreign policy, Britain's colonial expansion continued in Asia (the "Great Game") and Africa (the "fight for Africa").

The social image of the era is characterized by a strict moral code (gentlemanship), which consolidated conservative values ​​and class differences, romanticism and mysticism. The demographic situation has undergone strong changes: the number of inhabitants of England and Wales has grown from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million people by 1901; Scotland's population also grew from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million by 1901, while in Ireland the population dropped significantly from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million by 1901 due to emigration and the Great Famine of 1845-1849. During the period 1837-1901, about 15 million people emigrated from Great Britain (mainly to USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada And South Africa) about 15 million people.

Victoria succeeded to the throne after the death on June 20, 1837 of her uncle, the childless William IV. The Whig (Liberal) cabinet of Lord Melbourne, at the time of the Queen's accession, relied in the Lower House on a mixed majority, only partly composed of old Whigs. In addition, it included radicals who sought to expand the suffrage and short-term parliaments, as well as the Irish Party, led by O'Connell. The opponents of the Tory ministry (the Conservatives) were emboldened by a firm determination to oppose any further triumph of the democratic principle. New elections, called as a result of the change of the monarch, strengthened the conservative party. Major cities in England, Scotland and Ireland voted predominantly in favor of the Liberal and Radical factions, but the English counties for the most part elected opponents of the ministry.

Meanwhile, the policy of previous years created significant difficulties for the government. In particular, in Canada, the confrontation between the metropolis and the local parliament was growing. The Ministry received permission to suspend the Canadian constitution and sent the Earl of Dergham to Canada. Dergam acted energetically and skillfully, but the opposition accused him of exceeding his official duties, as a result of which he was forced to resign.

The authority of London was also weak in Ireland. The approval of the Irish Tithes Bill could not be achieved by the Ministry except after the complete removal of the appropriation clause.

Free Trade Imperialism Foreign and domestic policy

In the spring of 1839, the British successfully fought Afghanistan, which since that time has become, as it were, the foremost cover for their East Indian possessions and the subject of England's zealous concern.

In May of the same year, a ministerial crisis broke out, the immediate cause of which was the affairs of the island of Jamaica. Disagreements between the mother country, which destroyed Negro slavery in 1834, and the interests of the planters on the island threatened to lead to the same rupture as in Canada. The ministry proposed suspending the local constitution for several years. This was opposed by both the Tories and the Radicals, and the ministry's proposal was passed by a majority of just 5 votes. It resigned but took over again when Wellington's and Peel's attempts to form a new cabinet ended in failure - among other things, because Peel demanded that the Whig ladies of state and ladies-in-waiting be replaced by others from the Tory camp, and the queen did not want to agree to this (in English constitutional history this issue is known as the "Bedchamber question"). 0 was opened with a solemn announcement of the impending marriage of Queen Victoria to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; the marriage took place on 10 February.

On July 15, 1840, the representatives of England, Russia, Austria and Prussia concluded an agreement (English), which was intended to put an end to the strife between the Porte and the Egyptian Pasha. Mehmed-Ali rejected the decision of the conference, counting on the help of France, offended by the removal from participation in such an important matter; but this calculation was not justified. An English squadron, reinforced by Turkish and Austrian military forces, landed in Syria in September and put an end to Egyptian rule here.

The triumph of foreign policy did not in the least strengthen the position of the ministry; this came to light during the parliamentary session that opened in January 1841. The government suffered one defeat after another. Already in 1838 in Manchester, under the leadership of Richard Cobden, the so-called anti-corn law league was formed, which set itself the task of abolishing the existing patronage system and, mainly, duties on imported grain. Enraged by the aristocracy and landowners, who profited enormously from the high tariff, the league demanded the free importation of all foodstuffs as the only means of raising declining state revenues, improving the position of the working classes, and facilitating competition with other states. Partly under the pressure of financial difficulties, partly in the hope of finding support among the opponents of the grain tax, the ministry announced its intention to proceed with the revision of the Corn Laws. It was subsequently defeated on the question of the sugar tax by a majority of 317 votes to 281. The Ministry dissolved Parliament (23 June).

The Conservative Party, superbly organized and led by Peel, prevailed, and when the ministerial draft address was rejected by a strong majority in the new parliament, the ministers resigned. On September 1, 1841, a new cabinet was formed. Peel was at its head, and the chief members were the Dukes of Wellington and Buckingham, Lords Lyndhurst, Stanley, Aberdeen, and Sir James Graham. And earlier already, on the issue of the emancipation of Catholics, Peel, who had shown some sensitivity to the requirements of the time, in February 1842 spoke in the lower house with a proposal to reduce the import duty on bread (from 35 shillings to 20) and adopt the principle of gradually lowering tariff norms. All the counter-projects of the unconditional free-traders and protectionists were rejected, and Peel's proposal was accepted, as well as other financial measures, aimed at covering the deficit (introduction of income tax, reduction of indirect taxes, etc). At this time, the Chartists again declared themselves, submitting to Parliament a gigantic petition in terms of the number of signatures outlining their demands. They found a strong foothold in the factory workers, whose discontent was fueled by a crisis in trade, a lull in industrial production, and high prices for basic commodities. Disagreement with the North American States from abroad was settled by convention on August 9, 1842. The tension in relations with France, caused by the treaty of 1840, still remained; its echo was the refusal of the French government to sign the convention concluded by the great powers on the destruction of the slave trade and on the right to search suspicious ships (fr. droit de visite). reduction of indirect taxes, etc.). At this time, the Chartists again declared themselves, submitting to Parliament a gigantic petition in terms of the number of signatures outlining their demands. They found a strong foothold in the factory workers, whose discontent was fueled by a crisis in trade,

a lull in industrial production, and high prices for basic commodities. Disagreement with the North American States from abroad was settled by convention on August 9, 1842. The tension in relations with France, caused by the treaty of 1840, still remained; its echo was the refusal of the French government to sign the convention concluded by the great powers on the destruction of the slave trade and on the right to search suspicious ships (fr. droit de visite). by submitting to Parliament a gigantic petition in terms of the number of signatures outlining their demands. They found a strong foothold in the factory workers, whose discontent was fueled by a crisis in trade, a lull in industrial production, and high prices for basic commodities. Disagreement with the North American States from abroad was settled by convention on August 9, 1842. The tension in relations with France, caused by the treaty of 1840, still remained; its echo was the refusal of the French government to sign the convention concluded by the great powers on the destruction of the slave trade and on the right to search suspicious ships (fr. droit de visite). by submitting to Parliament a gigantic petition in terms of the number of signatures outlining their demands. They found a strong foothold in the factory workers, whose discontent was fueled by a crisis in trade, a lull in industrial production, and high prices for basic commodities. Disagreement with the North American States from abroad was settled by convention on August 9, 1842. The tension in relations with France, caused by the treaty of 1840, still remained; its echo was the refusal of the French government to sign the convention concluded by the great powers on the destruction of the slave trade and on the right to search suspicious ships (fr. droit de visite). Disagreement with the North American States from abroad was settled by convention on August 9, 1842. The strain on France caused by the 1840 treaty still remained;

its echo was the refusal of the French government to sign the convention concluded by the great powers on the destruction of the slave trade and on the right to search suspicious ships (fr. droit de visite).

Old quarrels with China over the opium trade led in 1840 to open war. In 1842, this war took a favorable turn for the British. They climbed up the Yangtze to Nanjing and dictated peace to the Chinese. The British received Hong Kong Island and opened 4 harbors for trade.

In Afghanistan, the rapid success of 1839 blinded the British; they considered themselves the masters of the country and were taken by surprise by the uprising of the Afghans, which suddenly broke out in November 1841. Trusting the insidious enemy, the British negotiated a free exit from the country, but on the way back to India they suffered terrible losses from the climate, deprivation and fanaticism of the inhabitants. The Viceroy, Lord Ellenborough, decided to take revenge on the Afghans and in the summer of 1842 sent new troops against them. The Afghans were defeated, their cities destroyed, the surviving British prisoners were released. The devastating nature of the campaign drew sharp censure from the opposition in the House of Commons. The year 1843 passed uneasily

The Catholic direction of some part of the Anglican clergy (see Puseism) grew more and more. In Scotland, there was a gap between the state church and the Presbyterian non-intrusive sect. The main difficulties faced the government in Ireland. From the moment he took office in the Thorian ministry, Daniel O'Connell resumed his agitation for the repeal of the 1800 Repeal Union between Ireland and England. He was now gathering gatherings of 100,000 people; armed clashes could be expected. O'Connell and many of his supporters were prosecuted. The trial was postponed several times, but in the end the agitator was found guilty. The House of Lords appealed the verdict due to formal violations of the law; the government refused to further persecution,

In the session of 1844 the question of the Corn Laws again came to the fore. Cobden's proposal for the complete abolition of the grain duty was rejected by the lower house by a majority of 234 votes to 133; but already during the discussion of the Factory Bill, when the famous philanthropist Lord Ashley (later Earl of Shaftesbury) succeeded in passing a proposal to reduce the working day to 10 hours, it became clear that the government no longer had the former strong majority.

The most important financial measure in 1844 was Peel's Banking Bill, which gave the English bank a new organization.

In the same year an important change took place in the supreme administration of the East Indies. In December 1843, Lord Ellenborough undertook a victorious campaign against the Gwalior district in Northern Hindustan (even earlier, in 1843, Sindh was conquered). But it was precisely this belligerent policy of the viceroy in connection with unrest and bribery in the civil administration that caused the intervention of the directorate of the East India Company. In the exercise of her legal right, she succeeded Lord Ellenborough and appointed Lord Harding in his place. In 1845, the internal disintegration of the former parties was completed.

Everything that Peel accomplished in this year's session was achieved by him with the help of his former political opponents. He proposed an increase in funds for the maintenance of the Catholic seminary at Minooth, which, being the only public institution of its kind in Ireland, represented a deplorable contrast to the luxurious furnishings of the Anglican schools. This proposal aroused the strongest opposition on the ministerial benches, which vividly outlined all the callousness of the old Torhorian and Anglican orthodoxy. When the bill was admitted to the second reading on April 18, the former ministerial majority no longer existed. Peel acquired the support of 163 Whigs and Radicals. Church agitation received new food when the ministers came up with a proposal to establish three higher secular colleges for Catholics, without the right to interfere with the state or the church in religious teaching.

Because of this measure, Gladstone, then still a strict churchman, left the office; when it was introduced into Parliament, Anglican high-churchists, Catholic fanatics and O'Connell alike burst into denunciations against the ungodly project. Nevertheless, the bill was passed by a huge majority. This changed position of the parties became even more pronounced in economic questions. The results of the last financial year were favorable and showed a significant increase in income tax. Peel petitioned for the continuation of this tax for another three years, assuming, at the same time, to allow a new reduction in customs duties and the complete abolition of export duties. His proposals aroused the displeasure of the Tories and landowners, but they met with ardent support in the former opposition and were accepted with her help.

In the meantime, a terrible famine (1845-1849) suddenly broke out in Ireland due to a crop failure for potatoes, which constituted almost the only food of the poorest classes of the population. The people were dying and tens of thousands sought salvation in emigration. Thanks to this, the agitation against the Corn Laws reached its highest degree of tension. The leaders of the old Whigs openly and irrevocably joined the movement, which until then had been in the hands of Cobden and his party. On December 10, the ministry resigned; but Lord John Russell, who was commissioned to draw up a new cabinet, met with no less difficulty than Peel, and returned his powers to the queen.

Peel reformed the Cabinet, which Gladstone re-entered. Following this, Peel proposed the gradual abolition of the Corn Laws. Part of the old Tory party followed Peel into the free trade camp, but the bulk of the Tory raised a furious agitation against their former leader. On March 28, 1846, the second reading of the Corn Bill was passed by a majority of 88 votes; all the changes, partly proposed by the protectionists, partly tending to the immediate abolition of all grain duties, were rejected. The bill also passed in the Upper House thanks to the influence of Wellington.

In spite of this success, however, and the immense popularity which Peel had gained by carrying out his great economic reform, his personal position became more and more precarious. In the struggle against the poisonous attacks of the protectionists, especially Disraeli, who, together with Bentinck, took over the leadership of the old Tories, Peel, of course, could not count on the protection of his long-term opponents. The immediate cause for his downfall was the issue of emergency measures against Ireland, resolved in the negative by a coalition of Whigs, Radicals and Irish deputies. External affairs at the time of the removal of the Tory ministry were in a very favorable position. The former strained relations with France gradually gave way to a friendly rapprochement.

In June 1846, the Sikhs raided British possessions in India, but were defeated (First Anglo-Sikh War).

On July 3, 1846, a new Whig ministry was formed, headed by Lord John Russell (the most influential member of which was Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston). It could count on a majority only if Peel supported it. Parliament, which opened in January 1847, approved a number of measures taken to help the distress of Ireland. About the same time O'Connell died, on his way to Rome, and in him the National Party of Ireland lost its main foothold.

The issue of Spanish marriages led to a chill between the London and Paris cabinets. Taking advantage of this, the Eastern powers decided to annex Krakow to Austria, disregarding the belated protests of the British Foreign Minister.

In the general election of 1847, the protectionists were in the minority; the Peelites constituted an influential middle party; the combined Whigs, Liberals and Radicals formed a majority of 30 votes. The Chartists found a representative in the talented lawyer O'Connor. Inside the country, the situation was bleak. Increasing crime in Ireland called for a special repressive law. In the English manufacturing districts, poverty and unemployment also assumed appalling proportions; bankruptcy followed one after another. The shortfall in public revenues due to the general stagnation in business and the impossibility of reducing spending led the ministry to propose a law to increase income tax by another 2 percent. But the increase of this unpopular tax caused such a storm within and outside Parliament that at the end of February, 1848, the proposed measure was withdrawn.

American Civil War Boer War The Second Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 at the turn of the Victorian and Edwardian eras divided English society. The opponents of the war gained substantial political capital through their eloquence. With the exception of this war, throughout the Edwardian era, Great Britain was not involved in military conflicts, which created the preconditions for internal social reforms. In domestic politics, the Unionists opposed the Liberals, wanting to take protectionist measures in trade, and when the latter won the elections in 1906, there was a conflict between the lower house of parliament and the House of Lords (mostly composed of conservatives), ending in the restriction of the powers of the upper house in 1909.

Ireland and Home Rule First World War Irish Independence Interwar era 1918–1939 Second World War

Postwar After World War II, Britain began to actively lose its colonies.

In 1973 The United Kingdom has joined the European Union.

From the 1960s to 1998 in Northern Ireland there was a conflict. The United Kingdom drew attention to this in the 1970s, after which it began sending aid in the form of police and military.

A referendum on membership was held in 2016 Great Britain in the EU. According to its results of 2020 the United Kingdom leave EU.

United Nations (UN) European Union (EU) (FORMERLY/1973–2020) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Commonwealth of Nations

The first people to be called 'English' were the Anglo-Saxons, a group of closely related Germanic tribes that began migrating to eastern and southern Great Britain, from southern Denmark and northern Germany.

The Kingdom of Great Britain was created in 1707 May 1, with a political union of the Kingdom of England, Wales and Kingdom of Scotland under the Treaty of Union. It's the combined Kingdom and merged the two parliaments into a single parliament of Great Britain. Queen Anne was the first monarch to create the New Great Britain. However, Scotland and England remained separate such as Scottish and English law; and the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the Anglican Church of England. England and Scotland each also continued to have their own system of education.

The Government of the United Kingdom, formally and commonly referred to as Her Majesty's Government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The government is led by the prime minister (currently Rishi Sunak, since 25 October 2022), who selects all the other ministers. The prime minister and their most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet.

Africa: Asia: North and South America: Europe: Oceania:

British Empire — "My successful past-self that has accomplished it's longing dream to finally conquer the world! Well, half of the world that is."