Harry Potter

Skills for working with consciousness and memory
Legilimency is the ability to read thoughts and emotions. Voldemort mastered it, as did Snape, who taught Harry how to ward himself.
Occlumency is the protection of the mind from intrusion. It's like "locking" your thoughts and emotions so the Legilimens can't see anything.
Methods of movement and special techniques
Apparition (transgression) is the instantaneous movement through space. It requires a license and training, otherwise you risk "splitting."
Portals are pre-enchanted objects that transport you to a specific location. They are often used for large-scale travel (for example, to the Quidditch World Cup).
Flying brooms and enchanted vehicles—here, magic works not as a spell, but as a property of the object: the broom obeys its owner, and the Weasley family's flying car even had its own character.
Dark Arts and Special Prohibitions
Unforgivable Curses (Avada Kedavra, Cruciatus, Imperius) are prohibited by law, but technically they are also part of magical practice.
Creating Horcruxes is an extremely dark magic that allows you to hide part of your soul in an object to prolong your life. This is no longer a school subject, but forbidden knowledge.
Infernals are the magically animated bodies of the dead. Another example of a dark practice that disrupts the natural order.
Other magical phenomena
Portraits and ghosts. Portraits at Hogwarts retain their personalities and can communicate, while ghosts are souls that have not moved on.
Muggle-repelling and protective charms. For example, Hogwarts is hidden from Muggles, and barriers are erected at Quidditch matches to prevent eavesdropping and observation.
Ancient magic. It's rarely explained, but it operates according to its own rules: for example, Lily Potter's protection, which saved Harry, or oaths like the Unbreakable Vow.

Sciences and disciplines related to magic
Potion-making. It's not just "brewing a potion," but a science in itself: precision, the order in which ingredients are added, the strength of stirring, and even the phase of the moon are all important. Examples: Polyjuice Potion, Felix Felicis (the lucky potion), and Veritaserum. At Hogwarts, it's a separate subject and considered very difficult.
Transfiguration. The transformation of objects into others, including living creatures. For example, Professor McGonagall transformed into a cat—this is a higher form of Transfiguration (Animagus). There are also simpler everyday charms, such as turning a cup into a saucer.
Divination. Attempts to see the future: reading coffee grounds, crystal balls, interpreting dreams, and runes. The books treat this science with skepticism, but it is still taught at Hogwarts.
Care of Magical Creatures. It's not so much about magic as it is about knowledge of their habits, healing, and feeding: from hippogriffs to nifflers. Hagrid taught this class.
Ancient Runes and Muggle Studies. These are more academic subjects, studying writing and culture—but runes can also carry magical power if applied correctly.
Special innate abilities
This is not something they teach in class; you either have such talents or you don't:

Metamorphmagic is the ability to change one's appearance through sheer willpower. In the books, only Nymphadora Tonks and her son Teddy possess this ability.
Parseltongue is the ability to speak with snakes. Harry acquired this ability through his connection with Voldemort, while Salazar Slytherin and his descendants inherited it.
Animagus is the ability to transform into a specific animal. It's complex, requires registration with the Ministry of Magic, and in the books, we only know of a few Animagi (McGonagall, Sirius, Peter Pettigrew, and James Potter).

Magic requires intention and control. Simply waving a wand isn't enough: you need to know what you want to achieve and invest your will into the spell. Hence the importance of correct wording and clear pronunciation.

A wand is a conduit, not a source of power. It helps focus and direct a wizard's innate magical power. Each wand is individually selected (core, wood, length).
The power of a spell depends on the skill and state of the magician. An experienced wizard can cast wandless or in a whisper, while a novice risks misfires or backfires. Emotions also play a role: strong feelings can enhance magic (as with Harry in Order of the Phoenix when he was chasing Sirius), but they can also make it unpredictable.
There are fundamental limitations. For example, Gump's Law of Transfiguration explicitly states that you can't create food out of thin air. You also can't bring back the dead (the Resurrection Stone doesn't return the soul, only a "reflection"), and you can't force someone to truly love you (Amortentia causes obsession, not true love).
Not all spells are universal. Some only work under certain conditions: Expecto Patronum requires a happy memory; Avada Kedavra requires pure evil will and tolerates no doubt; Imperius Curse is easier to cast on a weakened or tired person.
There are countermeasures and defenses. Shield charms, anti-apparition barriers, anti-eavesdropping charms—the world is built on the balance of spell and counterspell.

Life in the Dursleys' House. Harry grew up in the cupboard under the stairs of his Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunia's house in Little Whinging. The Dursleys tried to suppress any manifestation of magic and did everything they could to prevent the boy from learning of his heritage. They were ashamed of his association with "wizards" and wanted Harry to grow up "normal." However, he occasionally displayed spontaneous magical abilities (for example, his hair would unexpectedly grow back after a bad haircut, or he would end up on the roof without knowing how he got there), for which he was punished.
Until Hagrid showed up
By the time Hagrid came to Harry with a letter from Hogwarts, the boy was
11
Eleven years old. The Dursleys had been hiding the truth from him for a long time, and when the letters started arriving, they tried to escape to prevent Harry from reading them. This attempt to hide culminated in a stay in a cliffside hut, where Hagrid arrived to tell Harry about his true origins and the world of magic.

Birth and the first year of life
Harry's birth and the prophecy. Harry Potter is born
31
July 31
1980
In 1980, the wizarding family of James and Lily Potter was born. At the time, the wizarding world was at war: Lord Voldemort was gathering supporters (the Death Eaters) and spreading fear. Shortly before Harry's birth, the seer Sybill Trelawney prophesied that at the end of the seventh month, a child would be born who could defeat the Dark Lord. Voldemort assumed this was Harry and set out to destroy him.
Protecting the family. To save themselves, the Potters used the Fidelius Charm and made their close friend Sirius Black their Secret-Keeper. But at the last moment, they changed their minds and entrusted the secret to another friend, Peter Pettigrew, who secretly defected to Voldemort and revealed the family's location.
Night of tragedy.
31
October 31
1981
In 1981, Voldemort came to the Potter home in Godric's Hollow. James tried to protect his family and died. Lily stood between the Dark Lord and the infant Harry, pleading for his son's life. Her selfless sacrifice created an ancient magical defense: the killing curse Avada Kedavra was reflected off Harry and struck Voldemort, rendering him insubstantial. Harry was left with a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead, and he survived, becoming known as "the Boy Who Lived."
From tragedy to life with the Dursleys
Harry's Reception. After the tragedy, Professor Albus Dumbledore, Minerva McGonagall, and Rubeus Hagrid realized Harry needed to be hidden. Hagrid, on Sirius Black's magical motorcycle, delivered the boy to his only Muggle relatives—the Dursleys. Dumbledore left a letter explaining to Petunia (Lily's sister) the importance of protecting Harry. Petunia knew of the wizarding world and the power of her sister's sacrifice, but she disliked magic.