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Mammals The extinct animals of the Oligocene era were replaced by new mammals. For example: The first members of the hyena and weasel families began to evolve to replace the extinct hyaenodonts, entelodonts, and bear dogs. A new genus of entelodont, Daeodon, evolved to adapt to new habitats and hunt new predators during the early Miocene, but died out due to competition from Amphikyon, a Eurasian invader. Prehistoric horses of North America began to evolve toward their modern forms, with transitional genera including Hypohippus, Meryhippus, and Hipparion. Prehistoric primates lived mainly in Africa and Eurasia and included such transitional genera as Gigantopithecus, Dryopithecus, and Sivapithecus. Birds At the beginning of the Miocene, the ranks of birds were replenished with new species of parrots, pelicans, pigeons, and woodpeckers. A little later, they were joined by the first crows and falcons. Some huge flying birds lived in the Miocene, for example: South American Argentavis; Pelagornis, which was distributed throughout the world; A 50-kilogram marine osteodontornis from North America and Eurasia. Insects In the Miocene there were, for example: The whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae) were moderately diverse, although other early beetles (e.g., Dytiscidae) were less common. Primitive moths - most of them already had recent genera, and species existed in the Miocene, but their distribution was significantly different from today.

Sharks Megalodon is the largest ocean predator to ever inhabit the planet. Its body length ranged from 16 to 25 meters or more, and it weighed 40 tons. It inhabited primarily warm seas and oceans, but remains have also been found in former freshwater bodies. The Physogaleus is a small prehistoric shark that lived from the early Eocene to the middle Miocene. It ranged in length from 0.7 to 2 meters and had a large tail, which could have been used for propulsion and to stun small prey.

Pinnipeds Enaliarctus—the "sea bear"—was well adapted to long periods in the water, although it could also hunt on land. It swam using all four limbs and possessed a specialized inner ear for perceiving sound vibrations in the underwater environment. Desmatophoca is an extinct genus of early pinniped that lived during the Miocene. It had some morphological similarities to modern true seals, but had unique features: shorter tails, heavier, and likely more powerful jaws. Pelagiarctos is a genus of ancient predatory pinnipeds that lived during the Miocene epoch. Known from several fragments of the lower jaw, it is similar in appearance to modern leopard seals, but its cheek teeth had two roots and its jaw was much thicker. Cetaceans Baleen whales. In the Miocene, there were more than 20 different genera of baleen whales, compared to today's 6. Some species reached lengths of over 10 meters. Toothed whales. One lineage became the oceans' apex predators—the macroraptorial sperm whales. They were adapted to hunting other marine mammals rather than small prey such as fish, squid, or plankton. Cetotherium is a common baleen whale that lived from the early Miocene to the early Pliocene. Various species inhabited temperate and warm (tropical and subtropical) waters of the World Ocean, gravitating toward warm inland sea basins. Crustaceans Kamchatka crabs (stone crabs) are marine decapod crustaceans that scientists believe originated in the shallow waters of the North Pacific Ocean during the early Miocene. Seaweed Dictyochoidean algae (silicoflagellates) are typical representatives of marine and oceanic plankton that were found in the Early Miocene. A diverse flora of silicoflagellates has been identified in sediments of the Vityaz Ridge (an island slope of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench), including 40 species and subspecies taxa belonging to 9 genera.