Napoleon I Bonapart

Napoleon Bonaparte (as he called himself in the Corsican manner until 1796) began his professional military service in 1785 as a sub-lieutenant of artillery. During the French Revolution, he rose to the rank of brigadier general after the capture of Toulon on 18 December 1793. Under the Directory, he became a divisional general and commander of the rear troops, playing a key role in suppressing the rebellion of 13 Vendémiaire in 1795. On 2 March 1796, he was appointed commander of the Army of Italy. In 1798–99, he led a military expedition to Egypt. In November 1799 (18 Brumaire), he carried out a coup d'état and became First Consul. In the following years, he carried out a series of political and administrative reforms and gradually achieved dictatorial powers. On 18 May 1804, he was proclaimed Emperor. Napoleon's victorious wars, especially the Austrian campaign of 1805, the Prussian-Polish campaign of 1806–1807, and the Austrian campaign of 1809, contributed to the transformation of France into the leading power on the continent. However, Napoleon's unsuccessful rivalry with Great Britain, the "mistress of the seas", prevented this status from being finally consolidated. Napoleon I's defeat in the war of 1812 against the Russian Empire led to the formation of an anti-French coalition of European powers. Having suffered defeat in the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon could no longer resist the united army of the allies. After the coalition troops entered Paris, he abdicated the throne on 6 April 1814 and went into exile on the island of Elba. He returned to the French throne in March 1815 (for 100 days). The defeat at Waterloo forced the Emperor to abdicate the throne for the second time on June 22, 1815.

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