medieval world

They only know bows and arrows and metal shields and swords and catapults and fire and giant sheets of cloth with gasoline that trapped the soldiers and burned the cloth.

The Nasrid kingdom of Granada became a vassal state of Castile. This lasted until the arrival of the Catholic kings, after the War of Castilian Succession, in 1479. With the Catholic kings, the monarchy acquired an absolutist and religious character that reactivated the holy war in Spain with the aim of conquering the Nasrid kingdom of Granada. which was consummated in 1492, the peninsula continued to house Jewish and Muslim communities that were expelled by the monarchy years later.

United Kingdom
After the Roman legions withdrew from Britannia, Germanic peoples known as Anglo-Saxons began to arrive on the island and managed to unify into a kingdom under the house of Wessex and Alfred the Great. Despite frequent Viking invasions, the Anglo-Saxons managed to consolidate and flourish by the year 1000.

800px-Bayeux Tapestry (Harold)
Coronation of Harold, Bayeux Tapestry
After the end of the reign of Edward the Confessor in 1066, a dispute over the succession occurred because Edward died without issue and had promised the throne to William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, the Norwegian king, Harald, also entered the fray. Hardrada and the young Edgar AEtheling. Harold ended up being crowned the legitimate king, which upset William and Harald, who were preparing to invade the island.

1200px-Arbo - Battle of Stamford Bridge (1870)
Battle of Stamford Bridge
In September Harald's Vikings arrived in Yorkshire (northern England) and defeated the local lords. Upon learning this, Harold is forced to abandon surveillance of him in the south and march towards Yorkshire and makes a surprise attack on the Vikings and defeats them soundly at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

Days later, William began his invasion by crossing the English Channel. Upon receiving the news, Harold immediately went to confront him. The Anglo-Saxons and Normans clashed near Hastings. The Battle of Hastings began around nine in the morning and lasted until dusk. Harold died in battle and William managed to defeat the rest of the Anglo-Saxon troops.

After Harold's death, Edgar was named king but his troops could not defeat William and he became the new king and subdued the resistance in the southwest, west and north.

220px-William Wallace Statue, Aberdeen2
Statue of William Wallace in Aberdeen
After the Norman invasion, a country emerged divided between the foreign elite and the Anglo-Saxon commoner people. This division was gradually closed and gave rise to current English culture. The English reigns subsequently had tensions with France over territories, tensions that caused the 100 Years War. Between the 13th and 14th centuries tensions began between the kingdoms of England and Scotland, these tensions began in 1292 when Edward I of England crowned John Balliol as a puppet king for Scotland. This upset many Scots including William Wallace who led a great rebellion against the English.

This rebellion was continued after the death of William, by Robert Bruce who achieved the independence of Scotland and became king with the name Robert I.

At the end of the 100 years' war, Henry VI ascended the English throne. During his reign, the war was lost and a civil war began in Britain (the War of the Roses). This war would end with the accession of Henry Tudor to the throne. with the English Middle Ages and the establishment of the modern English state.

France
After the Germanic invasion of Gaul, the Visigoth kingdom was established until the king of the Franks, Clovis I, expelled them from Gaul, giving rise to the Merovingian dynasty. The sons of Clovis extended their territory throughout Germany.

As time went by, the palace stewards began to gain a lot of power and replaced the Frankish kings and after being blessed by the pope, they founded a new dynasty, the Carolingians.

Charlemagne
Charlemagne (742-814)
One of these stewards was Pepin the Short who, when he died in 768, divided his kingdom between his sons Carloman and Charlemagne. Three years later Carloman died, leaving his brother Charlemagne as the only king of the Franks. Charlemagne expanded his kingdom through Italy, Hungary, Austria and Spain, which earned him the appointment of Pope Leo III as king of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire. Charlemagne died in 814 and was succeeded by his son Ludovico Pio.

Charlemagne's successors were unable to face the invasions of the Norman Vikings who settled to the west of the kingdom.

When Louis V of France died in 987 without leaving any descendants, a political crisis began that ended with the end of the Carolingian dynasty and the beginning of the Capet.

Between the 14th and 15th centuries, France and England waged the 100 Years' War for the French throne and control of English possessions in the country. With the arrival of Joan of Arc and the breaking of the siege of Orleans, France began to recover territories and in the battle of Castillon expelled the English from the country. However, the English claim to the French throne was formally maintained until 1801.

Viking villages
The Vikings were Scandinavian people who practiced piracy and trade throughout Europe during the second half of the first millennium.

In the year 793, the first documented Viking raid occurred and it was on the island of Lindisfarne in England, where the Vikings looted and destroyed everything in their path, including an important Christian monastery. From then on, the Vikings continued their raids through England, Ireland, Germany, France, Spain, Russia and even America, centuries before Christopher Columbus, introducing words from their language and customs into the conquered lands.

The Viking culture ended up diluting and slowly becoming that of the conquered peoples, the dynasties that ruled the other conquered kingdoms separated from their Nordic roots and finally the original kingdoms of the Vikings converted to Christianity, leaving behind their warrior and pagan customs. .

Justinian I (483-565) Byzantine emperor. After the fall of its Western counterpart, the Eastern Roman Empire greatly prospered, mainly during the time of its most important emperor, Justinian, who expanded the empire along the entire Mediterranean coast ( except Hispania) and the Black Sea. Although during his administration a war occurred between sides of Constantinople in the Niká revolution. Justinian lived to be 82 years old, much longer than any other Byzantine emperor, but in his old age he worked hard to expand and beautify his capital.

After the death of Justinian the empire was invaded by the Arabs and even by Christian crusaders. In 1453, Mehmet II's Turks entered Constantinople after a 55-day siege and put an end to the Byzantine Empire and the Middle Ages. All Christian churches were converted into mosques and their thermal baths into Turkish baths, the capital, Constantinople, changed its name to Istanbul.

Middle Ages in Asia
Middle East
Muhammad
Muhammad (570-632) prophet and creator of Islam
In the year 570, the prophet Muhammad was born, who preached faith in Islam and gained many followers (Muslims) with whom he formed a large army that invaded Mecca in 630 and this city became the most important center of believers in the world. Islam. Muhammad died in the year 632 and after him the Islamic religion would serve as the driving force for the unification of all the cities and towns of the Middle East, Africa, India and Spain into a great Muslim empire.

Faced with the growing threat from the Muslims, Pope Urban II organized the first holy war (crusade) in order to recover the Christian territories in the Middle East that had fallen under the Muslims. Urban II sent more than 30,000 men from many places in Europe. who managed to conquer Antioch, Edessa and Jerusalem.

Cristofano dell'altissimo, Saladin, ante 1568 - Serie Gioviana

The Muslim counterattack was led by Imad ad-Din Zengi when he took Edessa in 1145, so a new crusade was called in Europe that failed and only caused Muslim expansion in Syria and Damascus under the orders of Nur al-Din, son and Zengi's successor, Shirku and his nephew Salah al-Din (Saladin). Years later the latter would become the most powerful and important person in the Arab world by winning the Battle of the Horns of Hattin.

Saladin's power put Christians at risk and the kings of France, Germany and England led the third crusade. The king of Germany died and the king of France returned as soon as the war began, leaving only Richard I of England who signed a peace treaty with Saladin to be able to resolve problems in his country. When Saladin died in 1193 his empire was disputed by his three sons, which provided a time of relative calm for the Christians of the Middle East.

Later, new crusades were organized that failed for the Christians.

mongol empire
In 1215, the Mongol chief Genghis Khan unified the tribes of the steppes and created a great empire, but after his death the empire was divided between his sons Kublai Khan (who invaded China) and Hulagu Khan (whose troops annihilated the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad).

No other empire reached the extent of the Mongol empire despite several attempts to rebuild it, for example the Timurid empire of Tamburlaine that encompassed the current territories of Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kuwait, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, northern India and Syria.

Japan
In the Middle Ages was when the Japanese state was created with its foundations in the Kofun period (300-540) with the creation of clans and social classes in addition to the arrival of Buddhism on the island.

After the transfer of the capital in 540, the Asuka period (540-710) began where the clans acquired much more power in the government and a civil war occurred between the Soga and Mononobe clans over religious issues, which the pro-Buddhist Soga won. Many Buddhist temples were built during this period. The Soga clan already dominated the entire empire until a coup d'état led by Naka no Oe and Nakatani no Kamatari of the pro-Shinto Nakatomi clan occurred in the year 645, changing the entire Yamato state system.

The capital was moved to the current Nara, beginning the Nara period (710-794) in which the barbarian invasions in the north of the island led to the 38-year war that the Japanese won thanks to General Sakanoue no Tamuramaro.

Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Nagaoka and then to Heian (present-day Kyoto), beginning the Heian period (794-1185), the classical Japanese period where the Fujiwara clan ruled with puppet emperors. In the 10th century, plagues devastated Japan, which brought rebellions that were difficult to control. To confront them, the government ordered local governments to create their personal armies made up of samurai. These clans gained a lot of power and soon fought several wars such as zenk war unite.

Rome, imperial city. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of antiquity. ...
The Persians. ...
Assyrian Empire. ...
Egyptian pharaohs. ...
Babylonian Empire. ...
The Incas arrived.